Renewable Energy

Sources

PRESENTED BY:--

ØJITENDRA KUMAR
LAL(77/05)

•NIT JAMSHEDPUR
NON-CONVENTIONAL/RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
 What is
Renewable
energy ?
n ‘ Any sustainable energy source
that comes from natural
environment.’

It means energy is generated from

absolutely natural powers and this
energy sources can be replenished.
What is Renewable
Energy?
As the name suggests, exists
perpetually and in abundant in the
environment.

Ready to be harnessed, inexhaustible.

It is a clean alternative to fossil fuels.

“energy that is derived from natural

process that are replenished
Various forms of renewable
n Solar energy
n Wind energy
n Bio energy
n Hydro energy
n Geothermal energy
n Wave and tidal energy
SOLAR ENERGY
 Salient Features
•Energy from the sun is called solar energy.

•The Sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion

reaction that takes place deep in the sun.

•Solar energy is the most readily available and

free source of energy since prehistoric times.

•It is estimated that solar energy equivalent to

over 15,000 times the world's annual
commercial energy consumption reaches the
earth every year.
Application Of Solar Technology
n Solar lighting.
n Solar thermal.
n Water heating.
n Water treatment.
n Cooking.
n Solar vehicles.
n Electricity Generation Using:
n Photovoltaic Cells.

n Solar Concentrators.
Wind Energy
 Wind Energy
•Wind energy is basically harnessing of wind power to
produce electricity , using wind turbines.

•Wind as a source of energy is plentiful, inexhaustible

and pollution free
 How Wind Is
Produced

Winds are caused

because of two factors
:-

1. The absorption of solar

energy on the earth’s
surface and in the
atmosphere.

2. The rotation of the

earth about its axis and its
motion around the Sun.
 Wind Energy Technology

The basic wind energy conversion

device is the wind turbine. These
turbines are generally grouped
into two types:-

1.Vertical-axis wind turbines, in

which the axis of rotation is
vertical with respect to the ground
means perpendicular to the wind
stream.

2. Horizontal-axis turbines, in
which the axis of rotation is
horizontal with respect to the
ground means parallel to the wind
stream.
 SCENARIO Of Wind Energy Till Now…

ØWorldwide capacity of wind-powered

generators was 94.1 GW.

ØWind produces about 1% of world-wide

electricity use.

Wind Energy in India :-

ØIndia ranks FIFTH in the world(1426MW) in

Wind power generation.

ØThere are 39 wind potential stations in

Tamil Nadu, 36 in Gujarat, 30 in Andhra
Pradesh, 27 in Maharashtra, 26 in Karnataka,
16 in Kerala, 8 in Lakshadweep, 8 Rajasthan,
7 in Madhya Pradesh, 7 in Orissa, 2 in West
Bengal, 1 in Andaman Nicobar and 1 in Uttar
Pradesh.
 Advantages of Wind energy.

•The wind energy is free, inexhaustible and does not need transportation.

.Wind mills will be highly desirable and economical to the rural areas
which are far from existing grids.

. Wind power can be used in combination with hydroelectric plants. Such

that the water level in the reservoir can be maintained for longer periods.
Bio Energy

n Bioenergy is derived from biological sources.It includes biomass, the

biological material used as a biofuel.

n It is the most important fuel used in over 90% of the rural households
and about 15% of the urban households, energy and manure are
derived.

n Thus the biogas plants are the cheap sources of energy in rural areas.

n Bio Gas and its Compositions

Bio gas contains 55-70% methane and 30-45% carbon dioxide as
well
as small quantities of(N2, H2, H2S) some gases. It is lighter than
the air and
has an ignition temperature of approximately 700oC. The
 METHODS USUALLY EMPLOYED
Various components of the
Biogas Plants plant:-
ØDigester
ØAn inlet tank
ØGas holder/dome
ØOutlet tank
ØDistribution pipeline(s)
ØA manure pit
n Using only local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic
wastes, energy and manure are derived , thus the biogas plants are
the cheap sources of energy in rural areas.

The types of biogas plant designs popular are:

Ø Floating drum type.
Ø Fixed dome-type.
Ø Bag-type portable digester.
Biomass Briquetting
n Briquette is also termed as "Bio-
coal".

n The process of densifying loose

agro-waste into a solidified
biomass of high density.

n It can be conveniently used as a

fuel.
Application
Water pumping.

Electricity generation.

Heat generation.

High Efficiency Wood

Burning Stoves.

Bio fuels.
Hydro Energy
Hydropower or Hydro-energy is power that is
derived from the force or energy of moving water,
which may be harnessed for useful purposes.
Hydrologic Cycle
Hydropower to Electric
Power

Electricit
Types of Hydroelectric
Installation

26
 Hydropower Design Terminology
n Head
n Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to
release its stored energy.
n The difference between these elevations (the water
levels in the forebay and the tailbay) is called head.
n Dams: three categories
n high-head (800 or more feet)
n medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
n low-head(less than 100 feet)
n Power is proportional to the product of
head x flow
 Scale of Hydropower
Projects
n Large-hydro
n More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
n Medium-hydro
n 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
n Small-hydro
n 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
n Mini-hydro
n Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
n Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
n Micro-hydro
n From 5kW up to 100 kW
n Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in
remote areas away from the grid.
n Pico-hydro
n From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
n Remote areas away from the grid.

28
Conventional Impoundment Dam
Hydropower – Pros and Cons

30
 Current Scenario in India
•Estimated potential of about 10,000 MW.

•A total of 183.45 MW small Hydro project have

been installed in India by the end of March
1999.

•Small Hydro Power projects of 3 MW capacity

have been also installed individually and 148
MW project is under construction .
Geo-Thermal Energy
Geo-thermal power is energy generated by heat stored in
the earth, or the collection of absorbed heat derived from
underground, in the atmosphere and oceans.

It can be used in two ways:-

Geothermal Heating.
Geothermal Electricity.

Geothermal technologies include:

Geothermal heat pump.
Hot dry rock geothermal energy.
 Geothermal Prospects
n Environmentally very attractive.

n Attractive energy source in right locations.

n Likely to remain an adjunct to other larger

energy sources.

n Exploration risks and up-front capital costs

remain a barrier.
Tidal Energy
 TIDES
n Tides are generated by the combination of
the Moon and Sun’s gravitational forces in
combination with Earth’s rotation.

n Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide.

n In order to be practical for energy production, the

height difference needs to be at least 5 meters

n Only 40 sites around the world of this magnitude.

n Overall potential of 3000GW from movement of

tides.
Types of Tides

1.Spring Tides-
n Of maximum range
n When the gravitational forces
due to the Sun and the
Moon add together.

2.Neap Tides-
n Of minimum range
n When the two forces oppose
each other.

In one year there are

approximately 705 full tidal
cycles.
 How it works
n First generation,
barrage-style tidal
power plants.

n Works by building
Barrage to contain
water after high tide,
then water has to pass
through a turbine to
return to low tide.
n Second generation,
using Tidal stream
 n DISADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES:

ii. No pollution
i. Presently costly
iii. Renewable resource
i. Expensive to build and
maintain iv. More efficient than wind
because of the density of
ii. A 1085MW facility could
cost as much as 1.2 water
billion dollars to construct v. Predictable source of
and run energy vs. wind and solar
ii. Connection to the grid vi. Second generation has
iii. Technology is not fully very few disadvantages
developed i. Does not affect wildlife
iv. Barrage style only produces ii. Does not affect silt
energy for about 10 hours out deposits
of the day
iii. Less costly – both in
v. Barrage style has
environmental affects
i. Such as fish and plant
 WAVE ENERGY

Waves are caused by a number of forces

n Wind.
n Gravitational pull from the sun and moon.
n Changes in atmospheric pressure.
n Earthquakes
n Waves created by wind are the most common waves.
n Unequal heating of the Earth’s surface generates wind, and wind blowing over
water generates waves.
Wave Power Designs

Tapered Channel Wave

Power
 Disadvantages
n Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of
energy, sometimes nothing.

n Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently

strong.

n Must be able to withstand very rough weather.

n Disturbance or destruction of marine life.

n Possible threat to navigation from.

Renewable Share
 Global Consumption and Alternative
production
Renewable vs. Non-renewable
 Conventional energy sources
n These are fossil fuels;coal,oil,petroleum
and natural gas.
n Fossil fuels,that contain hydrocarbons,
found top layer of the Earth’s crust.
n ‘Non-renewable’ sources;they cannot be
produced again after they have been
used.
n They produce a lot of pollution and
environmental problems.
WHY FOSSIL FUELS ARE STILL USED ??

Just because of their costs?..

Energy Cost
nSolar
32$cent/kwH,but
coal 4$cent/kwH …
nCosts are the main

reason of energy
consumption
nBut,fossil fuel

reserves will be
exhausted.
Global Warming
Loss of Arctic Ice
The Arctic Ice cap
could disappear
completely well
before the end of
the century under
the impact of
global warming.
Observed Sea Ice
 Polar Bears on Thin Ice

Studies of ice cores indicate a rapid rise in greenhouse gases in the

past 150 years.
 CONCLUSION
we need renewable energy

n Renewable energy technologies are clean sources

of energy that have a much lower environmental
impact than conventional energy technologies.

Renewable energy will not run out. Ever. Other

sources of energy are finite and will some day be
depleted.
Thank u for listening us ))
THE END