Respiratory Disorders

Reported by: Group 3

Definition: It is a term for diseases of the respiratory system and includes diseases of the lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, upper respiratory tract and of the nerves and the muscle breathing.

Modifiable: Tobacco smoke Second hand tobacco smoke Indoor air pollutants Outdoor air pollutants Allergens Occupational agent Obesity Physical Inactivity

Non-modifiable: Age Heredity

Normal Changes in the respiratory system that occur in the elderly Risks associated with respiratory changes in the elderly

The alveoli change from grape-like clusters to large pocket-like sacs. This change decreases the surface area available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The trachea and large bronchi become enlarged, but the lumen reduces in diameter from calcification of the airways.

The number of functioning cilia decreases with age. An ineffective cough mechanism leads to a build up of pulmonary secretions, airway plugging, and Atelectasis. The lung s expansion, volume capacity, and airflow are all negatively affected with aging. Decreased chest wall expansion and loss of elastic recoil cause a prolonged exhalation as the body attempts to exhale an adequate amount of air.

Decreased respiratory drive in the elderly increases the risk of aspiration and infection. Aging causes diminished transfer of respiratory gases, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide. This, in turn, leads to hypoxia or lower oxygen levels in the body tissues.

Nutrition:
Adequate intake of vegetables and fruits Vegetables and fruit high in Vitamin C and vitamin E also play a role in keeping our lungs in peak condition. These vitamins play a significant role as an antioxidants by protecting body tissue from the damage of oxidation Foods in Omega 3 Can help prevent damage and potentially protect our lungs from oxidative stress.

Nutrition:
Lean Meats and Beans Protein is needed to help maintain strong respiratory muscles. B-Vitamin foods Help maintain your nervous system, support digestion, work to break down foods into energy and help maintain healthy DNA.

Safety:
Smoking Cessation Avoid exposure to smoking area and toxic chemicals that may cause damage to our respiratory system.

Physical Health: A 30 minute-exercise everyday would help the body to supply adequate oxygen and to improve the blood circulation. Such as: Aerobic Exercises- use the larger muscle groups over an extended time period where the energy is supplied by the oxygen utilizing process. Sample activities include walking, jogging, swimming, and cycling.

Chest x-ray Provides information regarding the anatomical location and appearance of the lungs.

Sputum Specimen A specimen obtained by expectoration or tracheal suctioning to assist the identification of organisms or abnormal cells.

Bronchoscopy A direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. This allows the practitioner to examine the patient's airways for abnormalities such as foreign bodies, bleeding, tumors and inflammation.

Pulmonary Angiography is a procedure that uses a special dye and x-rays to see how blood flows through the lungs.

Thoracentesis Removal of fluid or air from the pleural space via a transthoracic aspiration.

Lung Biopsy A percutaneous lung biopsy is performed to obtain tissue for analysis by culture or cytological examination.

Ventilation Perfusion Scan Determines the patency pulmonary airways and detects abnormalities of the lungs and evaluates blood flow to the lungs.

Skin Test A skin test is an intradermal injection used to assist in diagnosing various infectious diseases and it identifies substances that causes an individual allergy symptoms.

Arterial Blood Gas It is a measurement of the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood to reveal the acidbase state and how well the oxygen is carried out in the body.

Pulse Oximetry Is a noninvasive test that registers the oxygen saturation of the client s hemoglobin.

Chest Physiotherapy It is used to perform to improved indirect removal of mucus from the breathing passages of a patient.

Postural Drainage Is an airway clearance technique that, along with chest percussion and vibration, helps patients with respiratory illnesses like COPD clear mucus from the lungs.

Incentive Spirometry It measures how well your lungs fill up with each breath, and helps exercise your lungs to help keep your alveoli inflated.

M-

Discussed each medications given to the client. Make sure that the client understands the purpose of taking these drugs which includes the Right drug, Right dose, Right route, Right time and frequency and as well as the Right Drug-Drug Interaction, drug side effects, precaution of each drug given and right education and patient drug information.

E-

Encourage the client about smoking cessation and educate him/her to avoid exposure to environmental airway irritants such as chemicals, toxins, allergens and smoke in order to prevent complications in the respiratory system.

E-

Encourage client to participate a daily 30-min aerobic exercise and deep breathing exercise in order to help the body to supply adequate oxygen and to improve the blood circulation.

T-

Verbalize to the client regarding about treatment for Respiratory disorders such as proper administration of medications given, proper daily exercise, and proper diet and nutrition intake. HVerbalize the condition, prognosis, and treatment regimen understanding. Instruct client to report any abnormal signs and symptoms of respiratory distress such as dyspnea or difficulty of breathing, apnea or absence of breathing, chest pain, and tachycardia or bradycardia. Encourage client with deep breathing exercises, turning and coughing and the best way to provide adequate airway resistance is to position the client in a Semi or High Fowlers position.

O-

Give information regarding about the signs and symptoms of Respiratory disorders. Referral is made to outpatient for follow up check-up in order to prevent other complications. DDiet teaching should be made complete in promoting good health nutrition. Plan a good nutrition diet as arranged by a dietician. S-

Bronchial Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Pneumonia Tuberculosis Lung Cancer

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease which there is an obstruction to air flow due to widespread narrowing of the airways.. The disease causes the airways to become inflamed and to produce excessive amounts of mucous when the patient is exposed to certain environmental factors.

Non- Allergic (Intrinsic Asthma) Anxiety Coughing or laughing Emotional Stress Exposure to noxious fumes

Modifiable: Allergens (Allergic and Non-allergic) Allergic (Extrinsic Asthma)

Animal dander or old skin of animals Food Additives House dust or mold Feather pillows Insect or Pollen

Non-Modifiable:
Gender Family History of Asthma Ethnicity Birth Issues and Early Life Genetic Factors

Cough Generalized wheezing Chest tightness Dyspnea Diaphoresis Tachycardia Widened pulse pressure Hypoxemia Cyanosis