Introduction to MIS

Networks and Telecommunications Prof. Rushen Chahal

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Outline
What is the value of a single computer? Why are computer networks so important in todays businesses? What components do you need to install to create a network? Why does it matter how your computer is connected to the network? How is it possible that you can connect your computer to a network at the office, at home, or while on the road, even overseas? What is the Internet, how is it controlled, and how does it work? What problems are you likely to encounter if you need to connect to a supplier in a different country? Page 2

Internal
Teamwork Communication Scheduling Sharing

Networks
Internet

Services
Applications Research Hosting

External
Suppliers Customers Banks

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Sharing Data: Transactions

Internet

Database Management System and Web Server Or Point-of-Sale system

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Sharing Data: Decisions & Decisions & collaboration File Server Collaboration and Database Teamwork & joint authorship
Team Document

Report and Comments

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Sharing Data: E-mail

Internet
2. Message transferred to account on server. 3. Transferred via the Internet to the destination account.

1. User creates e-mail message.

4. Message received when user checks email.

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Sharing Data: Calendars

8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00

Mgt meeting (open) Staff meeting Staff meeting new meeting

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Printers Hardware Sharing

Corporate or external computer access

Storage Processors

tape drive (backup) Workstations

Shared Printer

Server

Files are transferred from workstations to the server. Software automatically copies files to tapes. LAN administrator can restore files if needed.

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 Computers

Network Components
Personal Computer LAN card Personal Computer LAN card Cables Fiber optic Radio Infrared

Servers Work stations

Media

Connection devices Internet

Router LAN card LAN card Firewall Switch Server Shared Printer

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Server Scalability
Server farms distribute the workload. Add more computers for more power.

Sun 10000

Increasing performance within a product family.

Rack mount server farm.
Compaq

Sun 3800

Sun Ultra 5 Page 10

Network Transmission Media

Fiber Optic Cable Example: Long distance phone lines
reflective cladding

Twisted Pair Example: Local phone lines

glass or plastic

Radio or Micro Waves Example: Cellular phones

antenna

Coaxial Example: Cable TV

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Fiber Optics
Faster More data Less magnetic interference Long stretches without repeaters

900 copper wires can be replaced by one fiber optic line (for telephone connections).

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http://www.jsc.mil/images/speccht.jpg

Frequency Spectrum

ELF 100

VLF 1K

LF

MF 100K

HF 1M 10M

VHF

UHF 100M

Microwave Optical 1G 10G Hertz

All waves behave similarly

Sound Radio Micro Light Amount of data Distance Interference / Noise

Frequency differences

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf

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Wireless Technologies
Cellphone or WiMax 2-10 miles, 128 kbps - 3 mbps

Bluetooth 10-30 feet 1 mbps Ultra-wideband 10-30 feet 1 gbps Wi-Fi 50-200 feet 11 mbps - 500 mbps

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Local Area Networks Name 10Base-T 100Base-T Format Twisted pair Twisted pair Speed (mbps) 10 100

Gigabit Ethernet

Transmission Capacity
Twisted pair Wireless Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Format Twisted pair Twisted pair Coaxial Microwave Microwave Twisted pair Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic Fiber optic 1000 Wireless 11-54 100 100 155 10,000 Speed (mbps) 0.05 1.5 down/0.13 up 2.5 down/0.58 up 1.5 down/0.25 up 1.5 down/0.25 up 1.544 45 155 155 622 2,488 9,953 39,813 Estimated Cost $24/month $50/month $50/month $50/month $40/month $400-$700/month $2,500-$10,000/month $15,000-30,000/month $16,000-$20,000/month $20,000- $70,000/month

Wireless LAN 11b,a,g Wireless LAN 11n LAN/fiber FDDI LAN/fiber ATM LAN/fiber high-end Internet Connections Name Dial-up DSL Cable modem Satellite Wireless/Wi-Max T1-lease T3-lease ATM OC-3 OC-12 OC-48 OC-192 OC-768/future

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The Importance of Bandwidth

Text 10,000 80,000 1.6 0.05 0.008 0.0008 0.00008 Image 500,000 4,000,000 seconds 80 2.67 0.4 0.04 0.004 Video-10 sec 15,000,000 120,000,000 2400 80 12 1.2 0.12

Bytes Bits Dial-up 50 kbps DSL 1.5 mbps LAN 10 mbps LAN 100 mbps Gigabit 1 gbps

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 The need for standards A changing environment

Connecting Networks
Internet Backbone fiber optic Routers or Switches Switch

Hub Hub Radio-based network

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Enterprise Network Building 1

Fiber optic Switch

Building 2

Servers Firewall

Workstations/PCs

Internet ISP
Subsidiary

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Packet-Switched Networks
All data is converted to packets. Packet has data, destination, and source address. Switched services. Packets routed as needed. Reassembled at destination.
Voice B Chicago C 4 E Dallas 5 D 3 Sent as packets: A B C D E 1 Atlanta A Sent as packets: 1 2 3 4 5 2 New York

Computer

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Shared Connections

With shared connections, machines have to take turns, and congestion can slow down all connections.

With switched connections, each computer has the full bandwidth of the connection at all times. Performance depends on how fast the switch can handle connections.

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Switched Network
Switch

Servers

Workstations/PCs

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Shared-Media Network

Tap

Shared Media

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Time Division
A B

A C D

A time

Computers A and B split their messages into packets and share the transmission medium by taking turns sending the data.

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Frequency Division
A B frequency

3500 Hz

C C D

Computers A and B split the frequency: A uses a higher spectrum. By listening only to the assigned frequency, multiple transmissions can occur at the same time.

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Spread Spectrum
A B frequency

time

Sharing a medium by both frequency and time is one method of spread spectrum transmission. It is efficient for many computers because the full bandwidth can be utilized over time and frequency.

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Wireless Communication

Microwave transmissions are used to provide communications for cellular phones and laptop computers. As prices of phones, portable computers, and communication costs decrease, increasing numbers of workers are choosing wireless technologies.

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TCP/IP Reference Model

4. Application 3. Transport (TCP) 2. Internet (IP) 1. Physical

Header 1 Header 2 Header 2 Header 3 Header 3 Header 3

Message Message Message Message Trailer 3 Trailer 3 Trailer 3 Trailer 2 Trailer 2 Trailer 1

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TCP/IP Reference
Application
Mail, Web, FTP Authentication, compression, user services

Transport
Packetize data and handle lost packets Establish connections through numbered ports

Internet Protocol (IP)

Route packets to destination Page Requires unique host addresses: IPv4=32-bit; 28

ISO-OSI Reference Model

Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
A A R
Original Data Translate Sign on and resources

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link

R C

Data Packet Add routing data Addresses & Error Check

R C R C

Physical

Physical Media

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Introduction to the Internet

No control Services
Mail Telnet FTP WWW AltaVista HotBot Lycos WebCrawler Yahoo

The Internet

WEB searching

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How the Internet Works Network

service provider (NSP) T1: 1.544 Mbps T3: 44.736 Mbps Internet service provider (ISP) Phone company Cable company Phone company Backbone network

OC3: 155.52 Mbps OC12: 622 Mbps

Individual

Dial-up: 33.3 - 56 Kbps ISDN: 128 Kbps DSL: 256 Kbps - 6 Mbps Cable: 1.5 Mbps

Company Web site

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 Backbone providers
AT&T Level 3 MCI (UUNet) Sprint Qwest 1998: 39 AGIS AT&T Cable & Wireless IBM MCI/Worldcom Qwest Sprint UUNet

Internet Connections
Phone companies
Regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs) (3) Competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs) (new)

Network service providers

Cable companies
Cablevision Comcast Regional.

Satellite
Direct Satellite Wild Blue/Starband

Internet service providers

America Online Comcast SBC

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Colocation and Hosting General Data Centers Equinix Companies Multiple high-speed Cybercon
Internet connections, power with UPS, air conditioning, and security Specialty Hosting Companies Individual contracts to perform specific tasks including hosting. Savis Telecity (Europe) IBM AT&T EDS Thousands of small, regional providers

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Distributed Content through Akamai Servers Akamai

Company Server

Internet

Content Video
By distributing your content to servers at the edge of the Internet, customers retrieve data from multiple points, reducing the load on your server and Internet connection. http://www.akamai.com

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Voice Over IP (VoIP)

VoIP Provider Telephone Co.

Internet

Cable modem

Voice to IP

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Network Address Translation (NAT)

Web Server

10.1.30.15

Translate: 10.1.30.15=138.9.1.15

Disallow incoming peer-to-peer

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Domain Name System Internic.org Registration DNS

Internet World

ISP

Registration
207.46.250.222 www.microsoft.com Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 US

Arin.net
Net Range
207.46.0.0 207.46.255.255 MicrosoftGlobal-Net

Real World
Internet entities are anchored to the real world through the DNS registration and through their ISP. If they tell the truth!

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Domain Names
Right-to-left

Server.Department.Company.TLD
Optional Required

Original TLDs Set by ICANN com org net edu gov mil Many more today + Country Codes

accounts.citibank.com.xqioajfm.aka82.com This address is NOT owned by Citicorp. When you see it in an e-mail message, you know it is a fake.

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M-Commerce
Internet access everywhere Cell phones PDAs Laptops

Great potential Limited usability Better than voice? Page 39

Cell Phones and Wireless Wireless cells Communication off thework by handing wireless
connection to the next tower as the caller moves. Connections to multiple towers at one time enables the system to triangulate to get a fairly precise location of the cellular device--even when it is not in a call. Location knowledge will make it possible (although perhaps not desirable) to offer new business opportunities as people move into range.

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Global Telecommunications
Technical problems
Multiple standards Language Developing nations Time zones Limits to space & waves Transborder data flows Taxes Privacy Accessibility

Political complications

Cultural issues
What is an object? Management & control

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Technology Toolbox: Creating <HTML> Web Pages <HEAD><TITLE>Sample HTML Page</TITLE> HTML
<BODY> <H1>Section One</H1> <P>This is a sample paragraph on a sample page.</P> </BODY> </HTML>

Tables for Layout Page Editors Images are bitmaps: GIF, JPEG, PNG Adobe PDF

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Quick Quiz: Creating Web Pages Create a document to do the following in HTML:
1. Display a word or phrase in boldface. 2. Link a style sheet to an HTML page. 3. Display a table with three rows and four columns. 4. Display a numbered list of five items. 5. Display an icon in GIF format with a transparent background.

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Technology Toolbox: Connection Strengths Weaknesses Transferring Files

FTP FrontPage WebDAV VPN Inexpensive and easy to use. Very easy to use with secure login. Internet standard and can be secure. Very secure. No security. Limited availability and users have to purchase client software. Web server security is weaker by allowing directory browsing. Need to purchase server and client software and requires extra setup steps.

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Quick Quiz: Transferring Files

1. Which methods can you use to transfer files to a university server? 2. Why is FTP considered a security threat? 3. What other objections exist to FrontPage?

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Annual Revenue
7 6 5 Billion $ 4 3 2 1 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 W.W. Grainger Univar Ow ens & Minor

Net Income / Revenue

0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 -0.01 W.W. Grainger Univar Ow ens & Minor

Cases: Wholes ale Supplie rs

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