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Water
Purification
Boiling
Free of bacteria spores, viruses,cysts & ova. Temporary hardness removed. No residual protection
Chemical disinfection(Chlorine)
Cl2+H2O=HCl + HOCl. HOCl=H+ + OClKills bacteria & viruses(No Action-Polio,HepA ). No action on spores, cysts & ova. Oxidises-Fe,Mn,H2S. Inhibits growth of algae & slime.
Chemical disinfection(Chlorine)
Principles of chlorinationWater free from turbidity pH~7. Chlorine demand estimation. Contact period 60 min. Free residual chlorine 0.5mg/L after 1hour.
Chemical disinfectants
Iodine Solution-2% ethanol solution 2 drops=1L
(SILVER Ag)
Silver reacts with the sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in the bacterial cells.
Filtration
Used at home. Candle used for filteration Types-Pasteur Chamberland-Filter Porcelain candle Katadyn Filter-Silver catalyst Berkefeld-Kieselgurh candle
Aqua guard- E-boiling +, UV+, RO+ UF+ and SMP+ Swach-Nano technology
Coagulation
Rapid Mixing
Flocculation
Flocculent(Al(OH)3
Sedimentation
Supernatant water-5-6 ft Sand bed-2.5-3 ft Particle size-0.4-0.7mm Graded Gravel-1-1.5 ft Rate of filtration5-15L/m/hour
Cleaning-Backwashing
RSF vs SSF
Rapid sand filter Slow sand filter
Space Rate of filtration Size of sand Particle Preliminary T/T Washing Operation Removal of bacteria Utility
Less space 200 m ga/day 0.4-0.7mm Chemical coagulation & Sedimentation Back washing Highly Skilled 98-99%
rural or small community
Large space 2-3 m.ga/day 0.2-0.3mm Only Sedimentation By scrapping Less skilled 99.99% Urban areas with large population
Govt initiatives1954-National water supply & Sanitation programme 1972-Accelerated Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Programme identified problem Village. 1981-International drinking water supply & Sanitation Decade programme. 2002-Swajaldhara-Panchayat plan, implement, operate, maintain & manage water supply & sanitation.
THANKS