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Paubiakmang. S
Introduction
Geography
Located in the eastern part of Timor, an island in the Indonesian archipelago. East Timor includes the enclave of Oecussi, which is located within West Timor (Indonesia). Australia; closest neighbor after Indonesia, 400 mi to the south
Cultural
The mixed Malay and Pacific Islander culture of the Timorese
Religion
Roman Catholic Catholic with local animist practice
Language
Constitution designates Portuguese and Tetum as official languages and English and Bahasa Indonesia as working language
In April1974, military coup in Lisbon. Portuguese announce their withdrawal for overseas territories. Sought establishment of provincial government and popular assembly to decide the future of East Timor. In 1975 the Portuguese withdrew from East Timor. Civil war broke out between those favoring independence and those favoring integration with Indonesia. Timorese Democratic Union Party (UDT) defeated by Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (FRETILIN) On November 28, FRETILIN declared East Timor an independent state Indonesia militarily intervene and annexed it as its 27th province. UN never recognize the integration and call for Indonesian withdrawal.
Part II: Indonesia Occupation and Emergence of New Conflict (1976 -1999)
On January 13, 1976, Indonesia declare a provincial government. Indonesia claim it was acting to forestall civil strife in East Timor and to prevent the consolidation of power by the FRETILIN party. The Indonesian occupation of Timor was initially characterized by a program of brutal military repression. Beginning in the late 1980s, initiate programs to win the "hearts-and-minds" of the Timorese. Strict political repression maintained.
Serious human rights continues-Santa Cruz massacre. Estimates of the number of Timorese who lost their range from 100,000 to 250,000. 1982 Indonesia proposed limited autonomy for East Timor. UN took initiative and talks was held between Indonesia and Portugal. In 1999, agreement was signed, both agreed the involvement of the Security Council to consult the desire of the East Timor.
Part III: UNAMET, INTERFET AND UNTEAT Intervention and Challenges/Issue of post conflict Security and Recovery (1999-2002)
UNMET established on July 11, 1999. On August 30 poll was conducted. 98 percentage of registered voters went to the poll. 78.5 % reject the propose autonomy. Security deteriorated following the poll, violence erupted after announcement of result. Pro integration militias, conducted organized, coordinated operations through population centers, ransacking towns and forcibly displacing hundreds..of. thousands of East Timorese to West Timor, and the hinterlands. In a three week, campaign, so called Operation Clean Sweep, Indonesian armed forces and locally organized militia executed hundreds, possibly thousands of East Timorese.
No provision of military component in UNAMET in a way is responsible to the catastrophic event. Australia and Portuguese demand for Security council action with Australia offer to lead the multinational force. On Sept 13, President Habibi convey his acceptance of Australian led peacekeeping force.
The UNTEAT is not only helping the government, but act as a government itself. Sign treaties and issue postages. UN achieved a form of statehood in East Timor in the agreements with the financial institutions. The World Bank's International Development Association (IDA) was designated as the trustee of the reconstruction, trust fund for East Timor.
UNTAET has been slow in providing jobs and housing and thus is becoming a genuine target of resentment in the region. New and increasing threat from pro Indonesian militia. Claim of establishing stronghold in East Timor. West Timor border became the most heavily guarded frontier in Southeast Asia. Another major problem is that the force that was destined to become East Timor's own army is in shambles. The UN mandate does not incorporate turning FALINTIL into a more professional force. East Timor definitely needs, to build up a defense structure in order hold its independence. Emergence of regional divide between Fikaru and Khalidi in . The split had serious implication for security institution. F-FDTL dominated by FALINTIL from Fikaru, PNTL by Khaladi officers. Competition among the two institution.
Social dimension of Khalidi/Fikaru competetion in the rise of gang of unemployed and unskilled youth. Armed ethno regional conflict broke out. Violent tension pose a serious potential threat to internal peace, security and stability. UNTEATs face bureaucratic problems is that the peacekeeping division has neither the staff nor the experience to manage so massive and complex an operation. Nation-building, Compared to traditional peacekeeping is a much complicated and gradual process. It needs more than peace building.
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