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SOCIOLOGY
Richard T. Schaefer
McGraw-Hill
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Understanding Groups
Types of Groups
Group: any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
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Understanding Groups
Table 6-1. Comparison of Primary and Secondary Groups
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Understanding Groups
Types of Groups
In-Groups and Out-Groups
In-groups: any groups or categories to which people feel they belong Out-groups: any groups or categories to which people feel they do not belong Conflict between in-groups and out-groups can turn violent on a personal as well as political level.
McGraw-Hill
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Understanding Groups
Types of Groups
Reference Groups
Any group that individuals use as standard for evaluating their own behavior Reference groups set and enforce standards of conduct and belief
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Understanding Groups
Studying Small Groups
Small Group: group small enough for all members to interact simultaneously Size of a Group
Smaller groups have greater interaction opportunities Coalitions: temporary or permanent alliances Dyad: a two-member group geared toward Triad: a three-member group common goal
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill
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Understanding Groups
Coalitions
Temporary or permanent alliances geared toward common goal Groupthink
Collective pressure to conform to the predominant line of thought
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Understanding Organizations
Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies
Formal Organization: special-purpose group designed and structured for maximum efficiency
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Understanding Organizations
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy: component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency Ideal Type Bureaucracy
Division of labor Hierarchy of authority
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Understanding Organizations
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Division of labor
Alienation: condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society Trained Incapacity: workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems
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Understanding Organizations
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Hierarchy of Authority
Written rules and regulations Employment based on technical qualifications Goal Displacement: overzealous conformity to official regulations Peter Principle: every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence (Peter and Jull
1969)
McGraw-Hill
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Understanding Organizations
Table 6-2. Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
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Understanding Organizations
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Bureaucratization as Process
Bureaucratization: process by which group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic
McGraw-Hill
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Understanding Organizations
Characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Oligarchy: Rule by a Few
Iron Law of Oligarchy: describes how even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few (called an oligarchy)
McGraw-Hill
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Understanding Organizations
Bureaucracy and Organizational Culture
Classical Theory: also known as Scientific Management Approach); workers motivated almost entirely by economic rewards Human Relations Approach: role of people, communication and participation within a bureaucracy emphasized
McGraw-Hill
2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Understanding Organizations
Voluntary Associations
Organizations established on basis of common interest
Members volunteer or even pay to participate Formal organizations and voluntary organizations not mutually exclusive
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Understanding Organizations
Figure 6-1. Membership in Voluntary Associations in the United States
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