Cell , Cluster, Freq Reuse, D=R*sqrt of 3N, Reduce CCI, ACI

How to create more COV & CAP

Cell Splitting Cell Splitting - The process of creating more coverage and capacity in a wireless system by having more than one cell site cover a particular amount of geography. Each cell site covers a smaller area, with lower power and thus offers the ability to reuse frequencies more times in a larger geographic coverage area, such as a city.

CELL Splitting

CELL Sectoring

Cell Size
The size of a cell is influenced by several factors.
1 2

O/P Power of BTS

A <>= P Small A<>+ Low P Pico cell .. Low P

Geography of the Cell Site Hilly or Plain DU, U, SU or Rural

Ant. Characteristics Gain, Ht., O or S, S60 or S120, Tilt, Orientation

Most common Cluster configurations are :

7 cell cluster
(7 Omnidirectional cells in one cluster)

21 cell cluster
(7 base stations sites, each with 3 sector cells ).

Maximum Coverage & Frequency Reuse

For an operator to obtain maximum coverage, frequencies must be REUSED. Thus Various cells can be combined properly to form the overall network.

Cellular Structure is like Honey Comb Configuration

What is Cell Splitting

is the process of creating more coverage and capacity in a wireless system. This is done by having more than one cell site cover a particular amount of geography. Each cell site covers a smaller Area, with lower Tx. P , lower Ant. Ht. This config offers the ability to reuse frequencies more times in a larger Cov. Area (geographic coverage areas), such as a city. This in turn puts lower load on users Bty. and hence longer Bty. Life.

Cellular Network and Frequency Reuse

Frequency reuse is the process that allows for many phones to operate in a given area. There is a set frequency band that limits the number of cellular phones that can use any given communication tower. This is why handshaking is needed to allow for the user to move between the towers. An example of how the separate cells are organized in a given area for frequency reuse is shown .

? Cell cluster

Frequency Reuse
Frequency Reuse is the core concept of cellular mobile radio Users in different geographical areas (in different cells) may simultaneously use the same frequency Frequency reuse drastically increases user capacity and spectrum efficiency But Frequency reuse causes mutual interference (Hence trade off link quality versus subscriber capacity)

Frequency Reuse

Geometry of a Hexagon

Surface area is 6 R^2 times ( sq root 3)/4

Why is the GSM 900 better than GSM 1800 and GSM 1900?
As the frequency increases its penetration power decreases. The signal travels a lesser distance. Hence for a particular area more no of towers need to be erected in 1800/1900 than in 900MHZ for full coverage... Hence Co A (1800MHZ) has more towers per unit area than Co B (900 MHz) ..... Band of 900 is from 890-915( uplink) 935-960Mhz( downlink).... Band of 1800 is from 1710-1785(uplink) and 1805-1880MHZ(Downlink).... .The uplink is lower ( MS -BTS) than the downlink frequency (BTS-MS)... This may help the uplink signal to travel further without consuming much power... BTS due to its increased power ,has higher frequency to travel the same distance....

GSM 900 2W vs GSM 1800 1W

Apart from the radio propagation characteristics the only other difference is the maximum output power which is defined in the standards for GSM900 versus GSM1800. A GSM900 handset can have a Max. output power of 2W A GSM1800 handset can have a Max. output power of 1W

cellular COW , or a site on wheels (SOW) or mobile tower unit (MTU)

COWs are used to provide expanded cellular network coverage and/or capacity at special events such as major sporting events , major conventions, or in disaster areas where cellular coverage is not present . Following the 9/11 attacks on New York City, 36 cellular COWs were deployed .
for the inaugural ceremony of Barack Obama in Jan 09 to handle the millions of extra people and calls in the city

cell site
A cell site is where antennas and electronic comm. eqpt are placed to create a cell in a cellular network. A cell site is composed of a tower or an elevated structure for mounting antennas, one or more sets of Tx/Rx transceivers, Digital signal processors, control electronics, a GPS receiver for timing , Normal & S/B Power sources, and sheltering.

Why Hexagonal Shaped Cells?

Fictitious

Ideal

Real

The hexagonal shaped cells are artificial and cannot be generated in the real world. Engineers draw these shaped cells because they approach the circular shape but get rid of the ambiguity and unclarity produced from the overlap between the cells. Hexagonal shaped cells fit in a planned area nicely and have no gaps or overlaps between them.

The Cellular concept

The concept of cellular radio can be used to explain the diffening receptions at various locations. An area to be supplied with radio service is divided into cells. Each of these cells is assigned a range of frequencies (f1 - f6) and they each have corresponding radio base stations.

The Cellular concept

The group of frequencies can be reused in other cells bearing in mind that it is not reused in adjacent cells as that will cause co-channel interference (CCI). Co-channel interference results when frequencies are reused in adjacent neighbouring cells. A reuse distance, D is calculated as

 where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius in the ranges (1 km to 30 km). The shape of the cells can be hexagonal, circular or some other undefined irregular shapes. The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells.

Cellular telephone frequency reuse pattern.

This provides a minimum of

CHLs for each cell. The

numbers are channel numbers, Large cells can be subdivided into smaller cells for high volume areas.

COW

Cell on Wheels (COW)

A cell on wheels, usually referred to as a COW, is a mobile cell site that consists of a cellular antenna tower and electronic radio transceiver equipment on a truck or trailer, designed to be part of a cellular network.

CIAB (Cell-in-a-Box)

Sharing Resources, Cell Site, BTS, BS Site

Many cell site antennas are mounted on buildings rather than on towers. In GSM networks, the technically correct term is Base Transceiver Station (BTS), or "base station". The term "base station site" might better reflect the increasing co-location of multiple mobile operators, and therefore multiple base stations, at a single site.

multiple base stations at a Site

Depending on an operator's technology, even a site hosting just a single mobile operator may house multiple base stations, each to serve a different air interface technology (CDMA or GSM,).

Cellular frequencies
All cellular phone networks worldwide use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as Ultra High Frequency, or "UHF", for the transmission and reception of their signals. The UHF band is also shared with TV, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth transmission. The cellular frequencies are the sets of frequency ranges within the UHF band that have been allocated for cellular phone use

Ultra high frequency (UHF)

Ultra high frequency (UHF) designates a range of electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (3,000 MHz), also known as the decimetre band or decimetre wave as the wavelengths range from one to ten decimetres (10 cm to 1 metre)., (1m to 100mm) Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the SHF (super high frequency) and EHF (extremely high frequency) bands, all of which fall into the microwave frequency range. Lower frequency signals fall into the VHF (very high frequency) or lower bands.