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Learning Objectives
Describe the rise of racial profiling as a paradigm in contemporary police practices Discuss the ACLU report on racial profiling Identify the early models designed to measure racial profiling in law enforcement settings Discuss the academic literatures contributions on issues pertaining to racial profiling
Strengthening Police-Community Relationships Conference Racial Profiling Conference held in Washington DC (June, 1999) President Clinton called racial profiling a morally indefensible, deeply corrosive practice This conference led to the Presidents directive to federal agencies to collect data on the race/ethnicity of person stopped
Racial Profiling
Racial Profiling is, for the most part, an individual-based problem and NOT an institutional issue Racial Profiling emerges from social issues and it will not be solved by law enforcement agencies Aggregate data does not reveal if racial profiling practices are in place (or not).
Leadership Responsibilities
Remind officers of their responsibility to honor their oath to uphold the Constitution Ensure that the police officers function lawfully and with high standards of ethics and integrity Set the tone by word and deed--- walk your talk- by personal example, setting policy and mandating training
Group Exercise
According to the Gallup Poll released December 9, 1999: More than of Americans polled (59%) believe that police actively engage in racial profiling
56% of Whites believe racial profiling is pervasive 77% of Blacks believe racial profiling is pervasive
Contacts Defined
Contact: A traffic related contact where a citation was issued. Must be:
Traffic related Citation issued
Searches
Must take place after contact is made Should be divided into: PC and Consensual National Debate on how search data should be analyzed Some argue it is impossible to determine bias in searches; others obtain ratio of searches by dividing these with contacts
Search Audits
Allow departments to determine two important factors:
Quality of the search data (is data RELIABLE?) Is Department collecting ENOUGH information?
Baseline Options:
1. U.S. Census Data 2. Fair Roads Standard 3. DPS
Tier 2 Data:
Only required if agency: a) Did not apply for video cameras, or b) Does not have video cameras in vehicles
Tier 2 Data:
Requires the collection of qualitative data Only manner of measuring data is to transform from a qualitative to a quantitative format. Should be considered when vehicle (originally equipped with video camera) becomes disable
Recommendations:
Comply with SB 1074 Provide analysis of data Collect Resident vs. Non-Resident data Conduct Data Audits Throughout the Year Analyze Search Data; particularly PC Searches Seek outside assistance Be proactive and NOT reactive Inform/Educate all personnel
Group Exercise
As chief of police, provide 5 different ways in which you could: a) Measure racial profiling in your police department b) Act in a pro-active manner to deter racial profiling incidents from taking place c) Deal with a racial profiling problem in your department
Future of SB 1074
1. Legislation: : Enforcing Mechanism Mandate Tier 2 for ALL agencies regardless of video/audio equipment Individual-level data requirement Expand data collection to include non-traffic related contacts Uniform baseline mechanism
1. 2. 3. 4.
Group Activity
You have 30 minutes to discuss the questions below and to formulate the responses that your group will report out to the class. Choose someone to act as facilitator to keep the groups discussion on task Choose another person to record and report out the highlights of your groups presentations
Links of Interest
PERF http://policeforum.mn-8.net/ Northeastern University Repository Center http://www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu/ U.S. Department of Justice Publication on Racial Profiling: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/mime/open.pdf?Item=7 70