Maxwells Equations

dr.zafrullah@uettaxila.edu.pk
2
In a simple way
A changing E produces B
A changing B produces E
Electromagnetic Fields
Oscillating and regenerating
at the speed of light
Electromagnetic waves
travelling at the speed of light
In the beginning of the world
was Maxwell's equation
two flux and two curl, obeying conservation
and then there was light!
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History
Near the end of the eighteenth century,
1785: Coulomb developed equipment that
experimentally confirmed what came to be known as
Coulombs law
1800: Volta created the first battery
1820: Oersted noted that a compass was deflected
by a wire with current flowing through it
==> electricity and magnetism are connected
1820: Ampere also did his first important work
Biot-Savart Law, relating the strength of a magnetic
field to the current flowing through a wire and the
distance from the wire:
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During the next fifty years, all of the big names
made breakthroughs in the field and developed
the equations that are used today
Gauss related electric flux to electric charge, and
magnetic flux to magnetic charge
Faraday related induced voltage to changing
magnetic fields
Ampere also found a connection between
magnetic fields and current flowing through a
wire
Mention the achievements of these
big names --- Assignment
History
5
Maxwell entered the picture in 1864
Maxwell formulated equations
representing the observations of Gauss,
Faraday, and Ampere, in terms of twenty
equations and twenty variables
He also noticed that in Amperes law
there was a logical inconsistency in circuits
that contained capacitors
A missing term, known as displacement
current
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Maxwells equations were later simplified
into four differential equations by
Heaviside using vectors, forming the four
laws known collectively today as
Maxwells equations
1. Gauss law for Electricity
2. Gauss law for Magnetism
3. Faradays law
4. Ampere-Maxwell law
Maxwell
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Gauss Law for Electricity
) 1 ( .. ..........
0
.
c
|
enc
Q
A d E Flux Electric
E
=
}
= =
Assume the charge +Q is centered in the sphere,
the E field points radially outward and has the same
magnitude at all points on the sphere.
Permittivity =
0
8.85 x 10
12
F/m
) 1 ( ,
4
1
) / ( ,
2
0
eq to leads
r
Q
m V strength field Electric E
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
c t
= V D . OR OR
D = Electric Displacement, (As/m
2
)
If the charge +Q is outside the sphere, RHS of eq (1) = 0
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Gauss law for Magnetism
Similar to Gauss law for Electricity

RHS = 0, because no magnetic monopoles exist
) 2 ( .. .......... 0 . =
}
= = A d B Flux Magnetic
B
|
Magnetic Field, Vs/m
2

Also Or
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Faradays Law
Faraday related induced voltage to changing
magnetic fields
A magnetic field passing through an area A will
create magnetic flux
Change in flux induces voltage, in an attempt to
fight the change
Integral of E.ds is also voltage
The negative sign in this equation is because of
Lenzs Law
dt
d
s d E
B
|
=
}
.
t
B
E
c
c
= V Or
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Ampere-Maxwell Law
enc
E
enc
i
dt
d
s d B
i s d B
0 0 0
0
.
.

|
c

+ =
}
=
}
Current flowing through a wire creates a magnetic field
around the wire

Displacement current: Changing electric field within the
capacitor

J = Electric Current Intensity, (A/m
2
)


t
D
J H
c
c
+ = V
Maxwell's equations can be used to express the field
components E , E , H , and H in terms of Ez
and Hz and obtain the equations
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|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=

e c
|
|
|
e
c

e
|
|
|
e

|
|

z z
z z
z z
z z
E
n
H
p
j
H
E
n
H
p
j
H
H E
p
j
E
H E
p
j
E
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2