Chapt 4 Final

1
Satellite Link Design

Cost $25000/kg

Therefore heavier the satellite higher the cost -> its
recovered by selling its communication services.

During launch diameter of satellite <3.5m

GEO satellite use deployable solar panels and
antennas but antenna reflectors cannot be folded this
limits the maximum aperture dimension to 3.5m.
2
Introduction-Contd..
Weight is driven by 2 factors
Number of transponders & Output power of
transponders.
Weight of station-keeping fuel

High power transponders require more electrical
power dimensions of solar cells increases. weight of
solar cells also increases.

Half of the total weight of satellite is intended to remain
in service for 15years is due to fuel.

3
3 factors influence system design.
Choice of frequency band.
Atmospheric propagation effects.
Multi access technique.

Major bands are 6/4, 14/11, 30/20GHz.
More GEO satellites use both 6/4 and 14/11 every 2
0
minimum spacing between satellites to avoid
interference from uplink earth station.
Additional satellites use 30/20GHz. But distortion due
to rain at higher frequency is more than lower
frequency Attenuation increases as square of
frequency.

4
LEO & MEO Covers smaller area of earths surface.
More no of satellites are required to serve a smaller
area compared to GEO.

Closer to earth produces stronger signal This
advantage is lost since earth station need low gain
Omni directional antennas because the position of
satellite is continually changing.

They use multiple beam antenna increase gain of
satellite antenna beams and provide frequency reuse.

5
Maritime satellite communication
Use low gain antenna at mobile unit L-band is used.
C-band is used for fixed hub station (major earth station).
Communication links are assigned to meet performance
objectives.
BER for a digital link
SNR for analog link
Both measured in baseband channel (information
signal is generated or received)
Eg: TV camera generates baseband video signal TV
receivers delivers baseband video signal to the picture
tube to form images.

6
A maritime satellite communication system.
Digital data produced by computers at baseband and BER
is measured at baseband.

Baseband channel BER(Digital) or S/N ratio(Analog) is
determined by CNR at input to demodulator in the
receiver.

C/N at demodulator input must be > 6dB

In digital link if C/N <10dB use error correction
technique to improve BER deliver to user.

In analog link using FM large S/N is achieved by
wideband FM.

8
C/N measured at input of receiver and output terminals
of receiver antenna.
RF noise received along with signal and noise generated
by receiver are combined into an equivalent noise power
at input to receiver and noiseless receiver model is
used.
Noiseless receiver C/N ratio is constant at all points in
RF and IF chain.
C/N at demodulator input =C/N at receiver input
Satellite link 2 paths uplink and downlink
Overall C/N at earth station receiver depends on both
links.
Rain attenuation C/N fall below minimum permitted
value For high frequency(30/20GHz) Lead to link
outage.

9
10
Basic Transmission Theory
Two approaches to this calculation:
1. Flux density
2. Link Equation
Power received by an ideal antenna with area A m
2
.
Incident flux density is F = P
t
/4tR
2
W/m
2
. Received power
is P
r
= F X A = P
t
A/4tR
2
W.
11
Basic Transmission Theory Contd..
12
Isotropic Radiator
Consider an Isotropic Source (punctual radiator) radiating
Pt Watts uniformly into free space Isotropic Radiator.
At distance R, the area of the spherical shell with center at
the source is 4R
2

Flux density at distance R is given by

Power flux density (p.f.d.) is a measure of the power per
unit area.

2
4 R
P
F
t
t
=
W/m
2
13
Power Flux Density
Find the power density at the receiver.

The power radiated from a transmitter must pass
through a spherical shell on the surface of which is the
receiver.

The area of this spherical shell is 4R
2
.

Therefore spherical spreading loss is 1/4R
2

14
Isotropic Radiator
2
4 R
P
F
t
t
=
W/m
2
Pt Watts
Distance R
Isotropic Source
Power Flux Density:
Surface Area of
sphere = 4tR
2
encloses P
t
.
Gain of isotopic
antenna=1.
15
Antenna Gain 1
Directive antennas to get power to go in wanted direction.

Define Gain of antenna as increase in power in a given
direction compared to isotropic antenna.
t
u
u
4 /
) (
) (
0
P
P
G =
P(u) is variation of power with angle.
G(u) is gain at the direction u.
P
0
is total power transmitted.
sphere = 4t solid radians
16
Antenna Gain 2
Antenna has gain in every direction!

Usually Gain denotes the maximum gain of the antenna.

The direction of maximum gain is called bore sight.

u is taken to be the direction in which maximum power is
radiated.

Gain of the antenna is then the value of G(u) at angle u=0
o
.

17
Received Power
Transmitter with output P
t
Watts driving a lossless
antenna with gain G
t
, flux density in the direction of
antenna boresight at distance R is
The power available to a receive antenna of area A
e
m
2
we
get:

2
4
x
R
A G P
Ae F P
e t t
r
t
= =
2
2 2
W/m
4 4 R
G P
R
EIRP
F
t t
t t
= =
18
Effective Aperture
Real antennas have effective flux collecting areas which
are LESS than the physical aperture area.

Practical Rx antenna of area A
phy
will not deliver above
P
r
.
Some energy is reflected and some is absorbed leads to
decrease in efficiency.
Define Effective Aperture Area Ae:
q x
e phy
A A =
Where A
phy
is actual (physical) aperture area.
q = aperture efficiency
Very good: 75%
Typical: 55%
19
Effective Aperture - 2
2
4
t
e
A
Gr =
Antennas have (maximum) gain G
r
related to the effective
aperture area as follows:
Where: A
e
is effective aperture area.
Gain is a ratio:

It is usually expressed in Decibels (dB)

G [dB] = 10 log
10
(G ratio)
20
Back to Received Power
The power available to a receive antenna of effective area A
r
=
A
e
m
2
is:
--(Eqn. 4.6)
2
4
x
R
A G P
A F P
e t t
e r
t
= =
Where A
r
= receive antenna effective aperture area = A
e

2
4
t
e
r
A
G =
Inverting the equation given for gain gives:
Inverting
t
4
2
r
e
G
A =
--Link Equation
21
Back to Received Power
Substituting in Eqn. 4.6 gives:
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
R
G G P P
r t t r
t
Friis Transmission Formula

The inverse of the term at the right referred to as Path Loss,
also known as Free Space Loss (Lp)[Path Loss]:
2
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
tR
L
p
Therefore
p
r t t
r
L
G G P
P =
22
More complete formulation
ra ta a p
r t t
r
L L L L
G G P
P =
Demonstrated formula assumes idealized case.
Free Space Loss (Lp) represents spherical spreading only.
Other effects need to be accounted for in the transmission equation:
L
a
= Losses due to attenuation in atmosphere
L
ta
= Losses associated with transmitting antenna
L
ra
= Losses associates with receiving antenna
23
Efficiency accounts for all the losses between the incident wave
front and the output port.

Illumination efficiency or aperture taper efficiency

Energy distribution produced by the feed across the aperture.
Other losses due to spillover, blockage, phase error, diffraction
effects, position and mismatch losses.

For parabolodial reflector antennas efficiency is in the range 50
to 75%.
Horn antennas efficiency is ~90%
24
Aperture Antennas
Typical values of q:
-Reflectors: 50-60%
-Horns: 65-80 % q
t

|
.
|
\
|
=
2
D
Gain
4
2
2
D
r A
phy
t t = =
q
t
= =
2 2
4
4
phy
e
A
A
Gain
Aperture antennas (horns and reflectors) have a
physical collecting area that can be easily calculated
from their dimensions:
Therefore, obtain the formula for aperture antenna
gain as:
25
EIRP - 1
An isotropic radiator is an antenna which radiates in all
directions equally.

Antenna gain is relative to this standard

Antennas are fundamentally passive
No additional power is generated

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is the amount
of power the transmitter would have to produce if it was
radiating to all directions equally

Note that EIRP may vary as a function of direction because
of changes in the antenna gain vs. angle.
26
The output power of a transmitter HPA is: P
out
watts
Some power is lost before the antenna:

P
t
=P
out

/L
t
watts reaches the antenna
P
t
= Power into antenna

The antenna has a gain of: G
t
relative to an isotropic
radiator.

This gives an effective isotropic radiated power of:

EIRP = P
t
G
t
watts relative to a 1 watt isotropic radiator
EIRP - 2
HPA
P
out
L
t
P
t
EIRP

27
Link Power Budget
Transmission:
HPA Power
Transmission Losses
(cables & connectors)
Antenna Gain
EIRP
Tx
Antenna Pointing Loss
Free Space Loss
Atmospheric Loss
(gaseous, clouds, rain)
Rx Antenna Pointing Loss
Rx
Reception:
Antenna gain
Reception Losses
(cables & connectors)
Noise Temperature
Contribution
P
r
The received power Pr is commonly referred to as Carrier
Power, C.
28
Review of Decibel
29
What is a dB?
Decibel (dB) is the unit for 10 times the base 10
logarithmic ratio of two powers
For instance: gain is defined as P
out
/P
in
(where P
out
is
usually greater than P
in
)
in dB:
Similarly loss is:
dB log 10
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
in
out
P
P
G
dB log 10
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
out
in
P
P
L
30
Using Decibels - 1
Rules:
Multiply A x B:
(Add dB values)
Divide A / B:
(Subtract dB values)
dB ) (
dB dB
) ( log 10 ) ( log 10
) / ( log 10
10 10
10
B A
B A
B A
B A
=
=
=
dB ) (
dB dB
) ( log 10 ) ( log 10
) x ( log 10
10 10
10
B A
B A
B A
B A
+ =
+ =
+ =
31
Using Decibels - 2
Rules:
Squares:
(Multiply by 2)
) dB in ( x 2
) ( log 20
) ( log 10 x 2
) ( log 10
10
10
2
10
A
A
A
A
=
=
=
Square roots:
(Divide by 2)
) dB in ( x
2
1

) ( log
2
10

) ( log 10
10
10
A
A
A
=
=
32
References in dB
dB values can be referenced to a
standard
The standard is simply appended to dB
Typical examples are:
Units Reference
dBi isotropic gain antenna
dBW 1 watt
dBm 1 milliwatt
dBHz 1 Hertz
dBK 1 Kelvin
dBi/K isotropic gain antenna/1 Kelvin
dBW/m
2
1 watt/m
2

dB$ 1 dollar

Received Power[Contd.]
In dB=>
where EIRP= 10 log(Pt Gt) dBW

Lp=10 log(4 R/ )=20 log(4 R/ ) dB

33
Received Power[Contd.]
Losses in the atmosphere due to attenuation by
water vapour,rain,losses in the antenna at each end
of the link,all of theses factors are taken into account
by the system margin
Thus, practical received power is

Where La=Attenuation in atmosphere
Lta=Losses associated with transmitting circuit
Lra=Losses associated with receiving antenna

34
A satellite link. LNA, low noise amplifier.
35
36
Noise Spectral Density

N = K.T.B N/B = N
0
is the noise spectral density
(density of noise power per hertz):

N
0
= noise spectral density is constant up to 300GHz.

All bodies with Tp >0K radiate microwave energy.

(dBW/Hz)
0 s
s
kT
B
B kT
B
N
N = = =
System Noise Temperature & G/T Ratio
37
System Noise Temperature
1) System noise power is proportional to system noise
temperature
2) Noise from different sources is uncorrelated (AWGN)
Therefore, we can
Add up noise powers from different contributions
Work with noise temperature directly
So:
But, we must:
Calculate the effective noise temperature of each
contribution
Reference these noise temperatures to the same location
Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
RX lineloss LNA antenna d transmitte s
T T T T T T + + + + =
38
System Noise temperature
System noise is caused by thermal noise sources
External to RX system
Transmitted noise on link
Scene noise observed by antenna
Internal to RX system

Noise Power=Pn=KTpBn
Where
K=Boltzmann Constant== 1.38x10
-23
J/K(-228.6 dBW/HzK)
Tp=Physical temperature of source in Kelvin Degrees
Bn=Noise BW in which noise power is measured in Hz
Pn is delivered only to load that is impedance matched to the
noise source

Noise temperature from 30K to 200k is achieved by
without physical cooling if GaASFET amplifiers are
used.
GaASFET amplifiers operate at temperature of 30K at
4GHz & 100K at 11GHz. LNA receiver for 20GHz have
noise temperature of 150K.
A device with a noise temperature of Tn Kelvin (K)
produces at its output the same noise power as a black
body at a temperature Tn degrees Kelvin followed by a
noiseless amplifier with the same gain as the actual device
The description of a low noise component by an
equivalent noise source at the input of a noiseless
amplifier is very useful because we can add noise
temperature to determine the total noise power in a
receiver.
39
Noise temperature
Noise Temperature
Noise Temperature

If amplifier noise=0 =>Noise temperature=0K
If amplifier noise<(Noise from matched load at same
physical temperature) =>
Noise Temperature<Physical Temperature
40
Noise Temperature-Performance
Performance of a receiving system is determined by
determining Ts.

Ts is the noise temperature of a noise source, located at the
input of a noiseless receiver, which gives the same noise
power as the original receiver, measured at the output of the
receiver and usually includes noise from the antenna
41
Noise Temperature-Performance[Contd.]
If the overall end-to-end gain of the receiver is Grx (ratio,
not in dB) & its narrowest bandwidth is Bn Hz ,Noise
power at demodulator input is:

Pno=KT
s
B
n
G
rx
watts
where Grx is the gain of the receiver from RF input to
demodulator input
42
Noise Temperature-Performance[Contd.]
The noise power referred to the input of the receiver is P
n

where
P
n
=KT
s
B
n
watts
Carrier to Noise Ratio is given by=

= =

43
Noisy Model Of Receiver: Noise Analysis
Noisy devices in the receiver replaced by equivalent
noiseless blocks with same gain & noise generators at
the input to each block, hence the block produces the same
noise at its output as noisy device

Entire receiver is reduced to a single equivalent noiseless
block
44
Simplified earth station receiver. BPF, band pass filter.
45
Calculation of System Noise Temperature
Communication receiver: Has RF amplifier (LNA) &
single frequency conversion from its RF i/p to IF o/p.

RF amplifier must generate as little noise as possible-hence
called LNA.

Mixer & local oscillator form a frequency conversion stage
that down converts the RF signal to a fixed IF.
46
Simplified earth station receiver. BPF, band pass filter.
Double Conversion earth station receiver.
47
Double Super heterodyne Conversion
Consists of 2 stages of frequency conversion:
The front end of the receiver is mounted behind the
antenna feed
Converts incoming RF signal to a first IF in the range
900-1400 MHz[flo=2800 for C-band ,flo=10800 for
Ku-band]
Receivers accept all the signals transmitted from a
satellite in a 500-MHz BW at C or Ku band
48
Double Super heterodyne Conversion[Contd.]
900-1400 MHz signal is sent over a coaxial cable to a set-
top receiver that has another down-converter and a
tunable local oscillator & tunable channel select filter

Local oscillator is tuned to convert the incoming signal
from a selected transponder to a second IF frequency

Second IF amplifier has BW equal to spectrum of
transponder signal
49
(a) Noise model of receiver.
The noisy amplifiers and down converter have been replaced by noiseless
units, with equivalent noise generators at their inputs.
50
51
Receiver noise comes from several sources.

Method which reduces several sources to a single
equivalent noise source at the receiver input.

Using model in Figgives:

( ) End) - (Front
(Mixer)
(IF)
in RF RF m IF
m m IF
IF IF n
T T kB G G G
B kT G G
B kT G P
+ +
+
=
G
RF
, G
m
& G
IF
are the gains of the RF amplifier, mixer,
and IF amplifier.

T
RF
, T
m
& T
IF
are equivalent noise temperature of the RF
amplifier, mixer, and IF amplifier.

T
in
is the noise temperature of the antenna, measured at
its output port.
52
Noise model of receiver. All noisy units have been replaced by one
noiseless amplifier, with a single noise source T
s
as its input.
53
54
Divide equation by G
IF
G
m
G
RF
kB:

If we replace the model in Fig.a by that in Fig.b

(
+ + + =
RF m
IF
RF
m
in RF RF m IF n
G G
T
G
T
T T kB G G G P
B kT G G G P
s RF m IF n
=
55
Equate P
n
:

Succeeding stages of the receiver contribute less & less noise
to the total system noise temperature.

If RF amplifier in the receiver has a high gain, noise
contributed by IF amplifier & later stages can be ignored

System noise temperature is sum of the antenna noise
temperature & the LNA noise temperature. T
s
=T
antenna
+T
LNA.

All noise comes from antenna or is internally generated in the
receiver.

in RF
RF m
IF
RF
m
in RF
T T
G G
T
G
T
T T T + ~
(
+ + + =
S
Model to deal with noise that reaches the receiver after
passing through a lossy medium. Eg: Waveguides & rain
losses.
Model the noise emission as a noise source placed at the
output of the atmosphere, which is the antenna aperture.
Noise model for equivalent output noise source is shown
in Fig , & it produces a noise temperature T
no
given by
T
no
=T
p
(1-G
l
) where G
l
is the linear gain of the attenuating
device or medium(<1 & in db), Tp is the physical
temperature in degrees kelvin of the device or medium.

For an attenuation of A dB, the value of G
l
is given by G
l

=10
A/10
56
Noise model for a lossy device. The lossy device has been replaced by a
lossless device, with a single noise source T
no
at its output.
57
Noise Figure & Noise Temperature
Define the noise generated in the device.
NF=(S/N)
in
/(S/N)
out

Noise figure is converted to noise temperature T
d
.

T
d
=T
o
(NF-1)

Noise figure is a linear ratio, not in dB, & where To is the
reference temperature used to calculate the standard noise
figure~290K.

58
G/T Ratio for Earth Stations
Link equation in terms of C/N at the earth station

Thus C/N proportional to [Unit dB/K]

Describes the quality of receiving earth station or a
satellite receiving system.

Increasing increases C/N ratio.

-ve G/T indicates G
r
smaller than T
s
59
(
=
(
=
s
r
n
t t
n s
r t t
T
G
R KB
G P
R B KT
G G P
N C 2 2
4 4
/
t
s
r
T
G
(
s
r
T
G

Chapt 4 Final

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapt 4 Final

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

1

Satellite Link Design

Friis Transmission Formula

Вам также может понравиться