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Glycolysis
sugar splitting Glucose (6C) split into two 3C sugars Occurs in the presence or absence of oxygen Net energy yield (per glucose molecule): 2ATP + 2 NADH
Link Reaction
Pyruvate cannot enter except as acetyl CoA. Catalysed by multi-enzyme complex in MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX Undergoes oxidative decarboxylation Involves oxidation and decarboxylation 1 glucose molecule -> 2 pyruvate molecules -> 2 acetyl CoA molecules
Link Reaction
Krebs cycle
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA formed from link reaction is oxidised Can only occur in aerobic condition
INPUT per turn 1 Acetyl CoA I ADP 3 NAD+ 1 FAD OUTPUT per turn 2 CO2 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2
Points to note!
2 molecules of pyruvate and thus 2 molecules of acetyle CoA are produced from each glucose molecule Thus, the Krebs cycle has to turn twice for each glucose to be oxidised
Anaerobic Respiration
Without oxygen glucose cannot be fully oxidised, it is only partially broken down Also results in 2 molecules of pyruvate, NADH and ATP per glucose molecule The link reaction and Krebs cycle do not occur as NAD+ and FAD are not regenerated due to the inability for oxidative phosphorylation to take place. In aerobic -> NADH and FADH2 to NAD+ and FAD as electrons are transferred to oxygen via electron carriers
A constant supply of NAD+ is required for glycolysis to occur Cells transfer electrons in the form of H atoms to Pyruvate in order to keep this steady supply of NAD+ from NADH. Glycolysis and regeneration of NAD+ = FERMENTATION.
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
LACTATE FERMENTATION
Sum up,
PRODUCT YIELD FROM ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION: 1. NET GAIN OF 2 ATP MOLECULES 2. EITHER 2 MOLECULES OF LACTATE 3. OR 2 MOLECULES OF CO2 AND 2 MOLECULES OF ETHANOL
In terms of efficiency, Aerobic respiration is more efficient as more ATP molecules are formed per mole of Glucose. 40.4% efficiency or aerobic respiration is due to the fact that energy is released at heat during various stages of the process Oxidative phosphorylation does not occur via the ETC and fewer ATP is produced. Therefore Aerobic produces more energy. Much of the energy harvested via anaerobic respiration is permanently locked in ethanol in animals its trapped in lactate. This energy can be salvaged via the presence of oxygen though.
Oxidative Phosphorylation