MECHANICS

Revision Esther Boulton

Scalars and Vectors

Magnitude=Length and Direction=Angle
Scalar (quantity without direction) Distance Speed Energy Mass Power Volume Time Area Vector (quantity and direction) Displacement Velocity Acceleration Force Weight Pressure Momentum

SI Units
Metre (m) Kilogram (Kg) Second (s) Ampere (A) Kelvin (K) Candela (cd) Mole (mol)

Components of Vectors
(using SOH CAH TOA) **Larger x component means faster movement**
E.g. A man walks 200m across a field in a direction 30 North of East

To find the y component:

h 30 a o

To find the x component:

h 30 a

Looking for o and we have the distance h so we use SOH Sin30 = o 200Xsin30 = y 200

Looking for a and we have the distance h so we use CAH Cos30 = a 200Xcos30 = 200

More on Components of Vectors

Fact: Two coins of different masses can hit the ground at the same time. This is because the acceleration due to gravity is equal and always the same regardless of mass It is always 9.81 on earth assuming negligible air resistance Surface area affects drag so if they were different sizes they would not hit the ground at the same time The vertical components of velocity are the same if they have the same surface area.

Distance-Time Graphs:

Velocity-Time Graphs:

Distance = Speed X Time Gradient = Speed Curve means constant acceleration All others are labelled above.

Velocity= Acceleration X Time Gradient = Acceleration Curve means changing acceleration Area under the graph = distance travelled All others are labelled above.

SUVAT Kinematic Equations

s = Distance Travelled u = Initial velocity v = Final Velocity a = Acceleration t = Time

Newtons 3 Laws of Motion

FIRST LAW When forces are balanced on an object it is either stationary or moving at a constant speed SECOND LAW F=ma When there is a resultant force on an object the object will accelerate THIRD LAW For every force acting on an object, there is an equal and opposite force

Projectiles
Type one
We assume that drag=0 and Horizontal motion is constant i.e. The Horizontal components are equal and the vertical components get bigger. The two types of motion dont affect each other. To find range: Use e.g. 63= X 9.81 X t2 t = Sqrt (2X63 9.81) = 3.58s Range=Speed X Time = 8 X 3.58 = 28.7 m SO: Range= Speed X 2s g

Diagram:

man skate boarding off a cliff range

63m

Accelerating 9.81

X= 8m/s Y= 0

Range (?)

Projectiles
Type one
2 Path Motion Vertical Motion (decelerates to zero then accelerates) and Horizontal Motion (constant speed) this time we must work out both using SOH CAH TOA. Looking for a and we have the distance h so we use CAH Cos33 = a 36XCos33 = X 36 = 30.19m/s (also speed)

Diagram:

Cannon firing range.

36 m/s

Looking for o and we have the distance h so we use SOH Sin33 = o 36Xsin33 = Y 36 = 19.61 m/s (also initial velocity =u)
Range= Speed X Time (u a) X 2 (falls back down) Use v=u+at to find time: 0= 19.6 9.81t t = 19.6 9.81 = 1.99 seconds 30.2 X 1.99 X 2 = 120.8 m

36m/s h

33

Range (?)