Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Second largest Phylum of Invertebrates Mollusca comes from the Latin molluscus or "soft", referring to their soft body. Clams, oysters, scallops, abalone, squid, octopus, and snails are familiar molluscan food items. Molluscs have a soft, unsegmented body with bilateral symmetry.
Colegio de They have the best fossil San Juan de Letran
Mollusks also have 3 unique features.
1. A body composed of a head-foot and visceral mass. 2. A mantle that encloses the visceral mass, secretes the shell (if present), and forms the mantle cavity. 3. A radula, a rasping structure used in feeding is usually present. The radula has been lost in the Colegio bivalves. de San Juan de Letran
Largest class of the molluscs and is represented in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. four subclasses: -Prosobranchia -Heterobranchia -Opisthobranchia
A land gastropod
-Pulmonata Colegio de San Juan de Letran
About 7500 species in numerous distinctive families. The soft body is enclosed within two hard calcareous, saucer-like valves. These form a typical bivalve shell, which contrasts strongly with Scallop the shells of other Colegio de San Juan de Letran groups of Mollusca.
Contains the nautili, cuttlefish, squids and octopods. The head projects into a circle of large tentacles or arms, which are homologous to the anterior part of the foot of other molluscs. Attained the largest Giant squid size of any invertebrates. The majority range Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Group of entirely marine molluscs commonly known as chitons or coat-of-mail shells. In the North Sea, only 10 species are present. They live in the littoral and sublittoral zone and are herbivorous grazers adapted for Chiton living on hard Colegio de San Juan de Letran substrata.
Also known as tuskshells and are small, but distinctive, class of marine molluscs. Live in sediments which range from muds to medium coarse gravel The shell is found lying with its concave side Tusk shell upwards and the posterior tip protruding Colegio de San Juan de Letran from the sediment.
Created for the genus Neopilina, a mollusk discovered in 1952 The only mollusk with a segmented internal structure and is thought to show a relationship between mollusks and annelids. The animal is about 1 in. (2.5 cm) long. A characteristics of both de San Juan de Letran Colegio
A small group of worm-like marine animals that have no shell. For many years biologists classified the aplacophorans with the sea cucumbers (Phylum Echinodermata) but in 1875 they correctly identified them as a Colegio de San Juan de Letran class of the Phylum
Prosobranchia- The largest subclass of the Gastropoda; generally, respiration is by means of ctenidia, an operculum is present, there is one pair of tentacles, and the sexes are separate. Heterobranchia- A taxonomic clade of snails and slugs, which includes species from the sea, the land and freshwater; marine, aquatic and terrestrial gastropod mollusks. Opisthobranchia- A division of gastropod Mollusca, in which the breathing organs are usually situated behind the heart. It includes the tectibranchs and nudibranchs. Pulmonata- An extensive division, Juan de Letran Colegio de San or sub-class, of hermaphrodite gastropods, in which the mantle
Microphagous- zoology (of an animal) feeding on small particles of food. Mantle- A sheet-like organ that forms the dorsal body wall contains muscle layers and hemocoelic channels. Mantle Cavity- Shallow grooves or one or two large chambers. Pleura- An external lateral part of the body segments of arthropods. Pedal- Of or pertaining to the foot, or to feet, literally or figuratively; specifically, pertaining to the foot of a mollusk. Colegio de San Juan de Letran Visceral Ganglion- Either of a pair of ganglia in
Nephridiopore- The excretory orifice of a nephridium. Pallial groove- Ventral groove marking the separation between the foot and mantle. Radula- Is a minutely toothed,toungue like chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus. Torsion- Counterclockwise rotation of mantle cavity & anus from a posterior to a more anterior position, somewhat above the head. Cillia- Muscle-powered "hairs" Colegio de San Juan de Letran Buccal cavity - A cavity that contains the radula,
Filaments- A very fine continuous strand. Pericardium- A somewhat conically shaped membranous sac, inclosing the heart and the origin of the great vessels. Circumpharyngeal muscle- nerve strands passing around the esophagus in annelids and anthropods, connecting the brain and subesophageal ganglia.
WATER CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION

Most breathe by means of a gill/s (ctenidia) or
secondary gill structures. The entire gill axis is attached to the inner, or body side, of the mantle cavity. Water enters the mantle cavity to the left of the head and exits on the right side.
CIRCULATION
Circulatory system open They have a hemocoel, or open cavity, into which the blood (called hemolymph) is pumped. Oxygenated hemolymph - collected from the gills or mantle cavity and pumped into a number of open sinuses.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Distinctly
ganglionatedand is somewhat complex.
Asymmetrical, and twisted into a figure eight as a result of torsion. A pair of cerebral ganglia give rise to nerves anteriorly that connect to the eyes, tentacle and a pair of buccal ganglia. Thebuccal ganglia innervate (send nerves to) the muscles of the radula and adjacent structures.
NUTRITION AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Exhibit virtually every type of feeding possible. Members of this class can be herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, ciliary feeders, or parasites.
EXCRETION AND WATER BALANCE

Excretion - filtration onto the coelom and reabsorption and secretion in the nephridium. Nephridium - drains into the pericardial cavity via a small reno-pericardial canal and the wastes are excreted through a short ureter (nephridiopore).
REPRODUCTION
Mixture ofdioecious(two sexes) and hermaphroditic(one sex) groups. Most possess either a single ovary or single testis located in the spirals of the visceral mass next to the digestive gland. Often, elaborate courtship rituals proceed the actual mating.
WATER CIRCULATION AND MANTLE CAVITY

The bivalve body has become greatly lengthened dorsal-ventrally, and this flattening, in combination with an overhang of the shell, creates an extensive mantle cavity. The mantle cavity extends anteriorly, and to each side of the body.
RESPIRATION
Most have one pair of long gills that separate the mantle cavity into a ventral inhalent chamber and a dorsal exhalent chamber (also known as the suprabranchial chamber)
CIRCULATION
Heart - folds around the rectal portion of the digestive system. Ventricular contractions are strong and usually quite slow (approximately about 20 per minute). Bivalves exhibit a typical molluscan circulatory route through the heart, tissue sinuses,nephridia, and gills.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Bilateral and relatively simple. They have three pairs of ganglia and two pairs of long nerve cords.

Ciliary feeders (or filter-feeders). Their gills have taken over the role of trapping food particles as well as respiration.
EXCRETION
Two nephridia - located beneath or just slightly posterior to the pericardial cavity. The nephridiaare folded to form a long U. One arm is glandular and opens into the pericardial cavity. The other arm forms a bladder andopens through the nephridiopore at the anterior of the suprabrachial cavity.
REPRODUCTION
Dioecious(two sexes). Their twogonadsare very closely situated next to each other and they encompassthe intestinal loops. The gonoducts are very simple as there is no copulation amongst bivalves.
Scallops swim with jet propulsion - thought to be an escape response.

Image source
3. Jets formed 1. Muscle contracts 4. Scallop moves forward 2. Mantle velum seals gap
Click on picture for video
RESPIRATION
The circulation of water through the mantle not only produces the power for swimming, but it provides oxygen for their gills. Tetrabranchia - four gills and the Dibranchia - have two. The surface area of cephalopod gills have been much increased by a type of folding, and are not ciliated as in other molluscs. These cilia are unnecessary, as cephalopods are predators not filter feeders.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Largely closed. Has an extensive system of vessels making it the most complex and effective system of all the molluscs, enabling them to be much more intelligent and able to move rapidly and over extended periods of time.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Have a cartilaginous brain case and a well developed nervous system.
NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

All carnivorous. A radula is present, but even more important is the pair of powerful beak-like jaws that enable the animal to bite and tear apart their food.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Compact and sac-like. Pancreas - embedded in the sac and plays a role in waste removal. Through the middle of each kidney passes a vein surrounded by glandular tissue. This tissue picks up the waste from the blood and deposits it into the sac cavity. Siphon - attached to the underside of the head and extends into the mantle cavity and through this funnel body's wastes are expelled.
REPRODUCTION
Dioecious(two sexes) Fertilization - internal. Courtship, which in some species can be quite elaborate, is often a precursor to copulation.
Muscular mantle
Escape response refilling powered by radial muscle contraction. Normal swimming refilling powered by an elastic mechanism.
Water
Radial elastic fibers Radial muscle fibers Squid also have fins. Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Groove runs between their foot and the mantle edge. Margins of the Chiton's mantle - held down tightly to the hard substratum making these grooves into a closed chamber. A large number of small, paired gills are arranged within these two mantle grooves.
CIRCULATION
Pericardial cavity - contains the two-chambered heart, - large and located beneath the last two shell plates.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Very primitive. There is no brain, only a poorly developed ganglia and often that is absent as well.

Herbivorous - feeding on unicellular and multicellular algae. The mouth is located at the anterior end, in front of the foot and opens into a buccal cavity containing theradula- and a smaller, moreventralsubradular sac that in turn contains a sensory structure.
EXCRETION
The twonephridia are quite large, and extend anteriorly on each side of the body as long U-shaped tubes. They are responsible for removing waste from the blood. This liquid waste is passed out through two nephridiopores into the pallial grove located on each side between the more posterior pairs of gills.
REPRODUCTION
All aredioecious Both males and females possess a single median organ that is located in front of the pericardial cavity under the middle shell plates.

Themantlecavity is large and water slowly enters this cavity as a result of ciliate action. The cilia are concentrated on the vertical ridges of the mantle wall. The remaining mantle wall is only weakly ciliated. There are no gills for respiration. Gases are diffused directly through the mantle wall. After about 10 to 12 minutes, a violent muscular contraction expels the water from the same inhalent opening.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
simple system of blood sinuses (cavities). There is no heart: the foot keeps the blood circulating, and gases are simply diffused through the cell walls lining these sinuses.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The usual molluscan sense organs such as eyes, tentacle andnephridiaare absent in Scaphopods. They do however have the familiar cerebral, pleural, pedal, and visceral ganglia and their corresponding nerve chords are common to most molluscs.

Their food often consists of a microscopic family of onecelled test-forming organisms called foraminifer, some of which live on sand or silt, which they glued together to form their tests (which function as shells). The Scaphopod head is reduced to a short conical projection or proboscus, bearing the mouth.
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
A pair ofnephridia(renal organs), which drain out of the body through nephridiopores located near the anus.
REPRODUCTION
Dioecious(Two sexes, i.e.). Eggs and sperm reach the outside of their body through the nephridiopores. Fertilization takes place when the sperm and egg meet by chance in the water surrounding a spawning couple or group. The larvae drift freely in the water-column until they eventually settle down on the ocean's bottom.
RESPIRATION
Running along themantlegutter cavity on either side of the body are five or six pairs of gills, however, filaments only exist on one side of the gill axis.
CIRCULATION
Possess a single ventricle and two auricles for circulating the blood per body segment. The pericardium is paired and the heart lies between the two divisions.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The head is much reduced in size lacks true eyes and tentacles. This is very similar to that of thePolycaphorans.
NUTRITION AND DIGESTION

The digestive system is very similar to that of thegastropods.The difference is that behind the mouth is a curious cluster of frond-like appendages that serve to push the food into the pharynx. From the nature of theirradularibbon of teeth, it can be postulated that they ingest mud or bottomdetritus.
EXCRETION
Six pair ofnephridiaare present and are arranged in series (metamerically) on each side of the body.
REPRODUCTION
The sexes are separate, and two pair ofgonadsare located in the middle of the body. Each gonad is connected by a duct to one of the two pairs of nephridia (kidneys), which are located in the middle of the body.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of a simple cerebral ganglion and a lateral nerve cord. There are no specialized sense organs such as eyespots or electrical or chemical sensors.

The head is poorly defined, and their visceral mass consists of a very simple and straight digestive system. Food taken in passes through the circumpharyngeal muscle into the oral cavity where aradularasps it radula is usually present The fine food particles then pass into a single midgut organ that consists of a stomach and digestive gland. A short intestine absorbs nutrients before the waste passes into the cloaca.
REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Eitherhermaphroditicordioecious Copulation never occurs: males release sperm freely into the water. The females also release their eggs into the water, or hold them within their mantle cavity. In the latter case, inhalent water drawn into the female's mantle cavity contains sperm, which fertilizes the eggs held there.
EYES
located at the base of cephalictentacles. Most are very simple open pits containing only photoreceptor (photo means light) and pigment cells. In the more advanced gastropods the pit has closed over and evolved to contain a proper cornea and lens. The most highly developed eyes of all the gastropods are found in the pelagic sea hares, however most gastropoda eyes are but simple lightdetection organs.
TENTACLES
Prosobranchs possess a single pair of cephalic (on the head, i.e.) tentacles. Pulmonates and Opisthobranchs have two pair. These tentacles, in addition to bearing the eyes, contain tactile (i.e., touch) and chemoreceptor cells.
OSPHRIDIA
An osphradium is available for each gill present. The osphradium has become either filamentous or folded to increase its surface area.
STATOCYSTS
These organs of balance are generally located in the foot near the pedal ganglia, however, some of the opisthobranchs have migrated forward to a position next to the cerebral ganglia.
Shell characteristics
1, 2, eight or solid calcareous shells Shell sculpture patterns
Locomotion
ciliary gliding through or upon sediments foot = creeping ciliated sole pedal gland produces large amounts of mucus, especially in terrestrial forms waves of muscular contractions along foot
Cephalopod coloration & Ink
Most diverse groups of animals with at least 50,000 living species. It includes familiar organisms such as octopuses, squid, clams, scallops, oysters and chitons. Play an important role in ecological communities. They are visible from terrestrial mountain tops to the hot vents and cold seeps of deep sea. Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Important creatures to humans. source of food, jewelry, tools, and even pets. People consumed large quantities of abalone and owl limpets. captured primarily because of their yummy soft parts, and sold as meat. Their hard but desirable parts, especially their shells are considered quite beautiful and valuable.
What is considered as their head have a foot, and a visceral mass. This is all covered with a mantle that typically secretes the shell. It also functions as respiratory system. Molluscs are coelomate, although the coelom is reduced and represented by the kidneys, gonads, and pericardium, the main body cavity which surrounds the heart. The radula is a rasping organ near the mouth variously modified for special feeding techniques. Molluscs have well developed body organs but lack body segmentation. Colegio de San Juan de Letran
From the hard side to the soft, everything can be utilize to be a useful creation and part of the ecosystem. Molluscs are important to humans as well as other animals as food. Some shells are a major source of calcium for some birds. Molluscs also nourish humans culturally. Rare and beautiful shells have been prized throughout history In some early cultures mollusk shells served as money. Because bivalves are filter feeders, they tend to accumulate pollutants and in many places they are Colegio means Juan de Letran collected and analyzed as ade San for monitoring
Molluscan systematics are still in flux. As you can see from the cladogram below, there is still no agreement on some of the major relationships. The polytomies shown indicate that the question of which molluscs are the most closely related Colegio de San Juan de Letran is still a
Studying them would greatly help taxonomists to classify the organisms to their right groups and clusters. From the mentioned characteristics and use of the Molluscs, studying them would benefit humans. Dwelling deeper on its hidden use will allow us to utilize them more and help in constructing ways to de San Juan de Letran Colegio take care of them and

Colegio de San Juan de Letran

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Colegio de San Juan de Letran

Mollusks also have 3 unique features.

-Pulmonata Colegio de San Juan de Letran