Dependent Clauses: 1. Noun Clause (NC) 2. Adjective Clause (AdjC) (AdjC) 3.

Adverbial Clause (AC)

Clauses:
A clause is a part of a larger sentence, and it MUST contain a subject and a verb. Often a sentence has 2 clauses: An independent clause is a complete sentence and can stand independently. A dependent clause has a subject and verb, but cannot stand independently it must be connected to an independent clause to be understood.

1. Noun Clause
A nominal clause (noun clause/NC) is a dependent clause that functions as a noun. NC uses a subordinating conjunction: that (bahwa), if (apakah), whether (apakah), what (apa), where (dimana), why (mengapa), how (bagaimana) Catatan: meskipun ada konjungsi yang diambil dari kata tanya (what, where, why, how) namun dalam klausa nominal mereka tidak berfungsi sebagai pertanyaan.

Example 1: that
I think that its raining outside. Independent Clause = I think Dependent clause (Noun clause) = that its raining outside

Example 2: if/whether
We are not sure if/whether we can travel around the world. Independent Clause = We are not sure Noun clause = if/whether we can travel around the world

Example 3: what
What my mom expects is I get good grades. Independent Clause = is I get good grades Noun clause = What my mom expects

Example 4: where
I forgot where I put my wallet. Independent Clause = I forgot Noun clause = where I put my wallet

Example 5: why
It is not reasonable why he resigned. Independent Clause = It is not reasonable Noun clause = why he resigned

Example 6: how
People will always remember how beautifully Whitney Houston sang. Independent Clause = People will always remember Noun clause = how beautifully Whitney Houston sang.

Practice!
For each sentence below: Identify the independent clause and the noun clause (1) I think that Kelly has been sick recently. (2) She asked me why I was coming late. (3) Do you think that Mark is upset with me? (4) We wonder how she will react. (5) The teacher did not know if Jake would be absent tomorrow. (6) Do you agree that the test was difficult?

2. Adjective clause
An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is a dependent clause that describes a noun: person or thing. It uses a relative pronoun: Person: who (menerangkan subject), whom (menerangkan object), whose (menerangkan milik), that, whoever, whomever, whosever Thing: which, that, whose, whosever, whichever

Example 1: who/that
The man is angry. He drives fast. The man, who drives fast, is angry. The man that drives fast is angry * Who/that diikuti dengan kata kerja (verb) Independent Clause = The manis angry Adjective clause = middle position who/that drives fast

Example 2: whom
My friend wore a hat. I met her yesterday. My friend, whom I met yesterday, wore a hat. *whom diikuti dengan kata kata ganti orang (pronoun) atau nama orang (Jenny, Peter, etc) Independent Clause = My friendwore a hat Adjective clause = middle position whom I met yesterday

Example 3: whose
I saw a kid. His bike is broken. I saw a kid whose bike is broken. *whose diikuti dengan kata benda (noun): a person or a thing Independent Clause = I saw a kid Adjective clause = final position whose bike is broken

Example 4: whoever
I respect whoever teaches me. Independent Clause = I respect Adjective clause = final position whoever teaches me

Example 5: whomever
Whomever we meet, we should smile at them. *sama seperti whom, whomever juga diikuti dengan kata ganti orang (pronoun) atau nama orang. Independent Clause = we should smile at them Adjective clause = initial position Whomever we meet

Example 6: whosever
A man, whosever job is, should work seriously. Independent Clause = A manshould work seriously Adjective clause = middle position whosever job is

Example 7: which/that
I watched a movie, which was directed by Hanung Bramantyo. I watched a movie that was directed by Hanung Bramantyo. Independent Clause = I watched a movie Adjective clause = final position which was directed by Hanung Bramantyo

Example 8: whichever
Kids like toys, whichever attract their attention. Independent Clause = Kids like toys Adjective clause = final position whichever attract their attention

Example 8: whose
I found a cat whose tail is long. Independent Clause = I found a cat Adjective clause = final position whose tail is long

Example 9: whosever
Whosever color is black, a car looks more elegant. Independent Clause = a car looks more elegant Adjective clause = initial position Whosever color is black

For each sentence below: Identify the independent clause and the adjective clause (1)Kelly, who has been sick recently, is my friend. (2) She owns a house whose garage is spacious. (3) Do you think a man, whom I talked to, is upset with me? (4) We bought a book that is interesting. (5) The teacher called the students whosever scores were bad. (6) Whomever you love, you must be happy with him.

Practice!

3. Adverb clause
An adverb clause (adverbial clause) is a dependent clause functions as an adverb that describes a verb. There are 6 types of adverb clause: 1. Clause of time 2. Clause of place 3. Clause of contrast 4. Clause of manner 5. Clause of purpose and result 6. Clause of cause and effect

1. Adverb Clause of Time

It describes a time and uses subordinating conjunction (kata penghubung): after, before, no sooner, while, as, etc. Examples: Shut the door before you go out. You may begin when(ever) you are ready. While he was walking home, he saw an accident. By the time I arrive, Alex will have left. No sooner had she entered than he gave an order. *kalimat warna merah: independent clause kalimat warna biru: adverb clause

2. Adverb Clause of Place

It describes a place and uses subordinating conjunction (kata penghubung): where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, etc. Examples: They sat down wherever they could find empty seats. The guard stood where he was positioned. Where there is a will, there is a way. She is going nowhere she cannot find a peace. You may go anywhere you like. *kalimat warna merah: independent clause kalimat warna biru: adverb clause

3. Adverb Clause of Contrast

It describes a contradictory of two events and uses subordinating conjunction (kata penghubung): although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of(diikuti dengan kata benda), as the time, etc. Examples: As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard. Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on. Although it is late, well stay a little longer. He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student. In spite of her mistakes, she doesnt say sorry.
*kalimat warna merah: independent clause kalimat warna biru: adverb clause

4. Adverb Clause of Manner

It describes how something happens and uses subordinating conjunction (kata penghubung): as (seperti), how, like, in that, etc. Examples: He did as I told him. You may finish it how you like. They may beat us again, like they did in 1978. *kalimat warna merah: independent clause kalimat warna biru: adverb clause

5. Adverb Clause of Purpose and Result

It describes a correlation of purpose (tujuan) and result (hasil) and uses subordinating conjunctions (kata penghubung): to, so that, in order that, in the hope that, to the end that, in case, etc. Examples: They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats. She bought a book so (that) she could learn English He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation. I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
*kalimat warna merah: independent clause kalimat warna biru: adverb clause

6. Adverb Clause of Cause and Effect

It describes a correlation of cause and effect. It uses conjunctions: that (sehingga), because of, due to, since, because, as (karena), as long as, in as much as, therefore, consequently, etc. Examples:
Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record. It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. Because of/due to the cold weather, we stayed home. Because/since/as/as long as/in as much as Alex was sleepy, he went to bed. Alex was sleepy. Therefore/consequently, he went to bed. *kalimat warna merah: independent clause kalimat warna biru: adverb clause

For each sentence below: Identify the independent clause and the adverb clause Identify what type of adverb clause that is (1)Kelly has been sick recently that she cannot go to school. (2) We will help him, even if he refuses our help. (3) While I was watching TV, the snow started falling. (4) The cat will go anywhere you go. (5) The teacher teaches math in the hope that students can understand it. (6) We have to do as the instructor tells us to.

Practice!