Submitted by:

Deepak Shenoy K (4SU08EE014) Dept. of E & E SDMIT

Contents

Efficient Power Generation Centralized Grid Distributed Generation DG technology Option And Choice Factor Combined Heat And Power Generation Efficiency Benefits Advantages And Disadvantages Conclusion References

Efficient Power Generation

Rapid economic growth and demand for energy
Increased cost of fossil fuel and power Climatic changes

Potentially less damaging sources

Usage of renewable resources Distributed Generation and Cogeneration

Centralized Grid
Large generating facilities
Coal, Nuclear, Hydro Power plants Fuel Transport Cost

Transmission and Distribution

Remote customers from the grid Pollution and harm to the Environment

Distributed Generation
Small plant systems
An energy production system that is close to the load Localized or connected to the power grid

Distributed generation avoids the losses that occur in

transmission over long distances It can reduce or eliminate dependence on the national electricity grid and its related costs and reliability Generation of electrical power is specifically designed to meet the requirements of the host facility

DG Technology Options

Technology Choice
Energy costs and fuel availability
Electrical load size/factor/shape Load criticality Thermal load size/shape Special load considerations

Regulatory requirements

Reciprocating Engine
Size Range: 30 - 6,000 kW
Electric efficiency: 28 - 38% Fast startup (10 secs) capability

allows for use as standby Thermal energy in the form of hot water or low pressure steam High maintenance requirements (lot of moving parts) Emissions can be an issue

Fuel Cells

Size range: 3 - 3,000 kW

Start-up time: 3 hrs + Electric efficiency: 36-65%

Very low emissions - exempt in some areas

Only PAFC is commercially available

Combined Heat And Power

Also called Cogeneration
CHP sequentially produces electricity, thermal or

mechanical energy
Traditionally the most effective DG option
High system efficiency is key to economics High operating hours covers high capital costs CHP is attractive from an energy and environmental

policy perspective

CHP Systems- Steam boiler

CHP systems-Combined cycle

Efficiency Benefits

Environmental Benefits of CHP (NOX)

Advantages
Low cost
Reduced energy related cost, resulting in lower

operating cost Increased economic development value Reduced emission of greenhouse gases Increased reliability and resource adequacy fo the grid

Disadvantages
Equipment cost
Conventional distributed systems need adequate

protection to accommodate exchange of power Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish Variability of output owing to dependence upon natural resources

Conclusions
Improved technology offers improving efficiency,

utility and emissions Environmental regulations should recognize the role, value and limitations of DG technology Increased use of renewable resources

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_generation http://www.dg.history.vt.edu/ch2/environment.html http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm http://www.cospp.com/articles PDFs DOE: The Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues that May Impede Their Expansion; 2009. Lovins; Small Is Profitable: The Hidden Economic Benefits of Making Electrical Resources the Right Size; Rocky Mountain Institute, 2010. UN - Guidebook on cogeneration as a means of pollution control and energy efficiency in Asia United Nations 2011.

Thank You
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