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Scope of geo-synthetics What are geo-synthetics Types of geo-synthetics Geo-synthetic Advantages Functions Sub-grade conditions in which geosynthetics are useful Potential geo-synthetic benefits Conclusions
SCOPE OF GEOSYNTHETICS
A range of generally synthetic products used to solve geotechnical problems. The synthetic nature make them suitable for use in the ground where high levels of durability are required
ASTM (1997) has defined a geosynthetic as a planar product manufactured from a polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnical-related material as an integral part of a civil engineering project, structure, or system.
TYPES OF GEO-SYNTHETICS
The term is generally regarded encompass four main products,
to
Geo-textiles
Manufactured from mainly polymeric yarns and fibers, consisting primarily of polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene and polyamide
Woven - interlacing of yarns Non-woven - by various methods other than weaving, mainly heat bonded, needle punched and chemically bonded
Geo-nets/geo-grids
Stiffer than geo-textiles and have relatively large voids within the material Production include bonding or interlacing. Produced from nearly all polymeric materials.
Geo-nets/geo-grids
Geogrids are meshes of a regular pattern of tensile elements usually made of a fairly rigid type of plastic
They provide increased shear strength between soil strata interfaces
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Geo-membranes
Impermeable sheets produced from polymeric materials Manufactured several ways, excluding woven methods Manufactured using fiberglass and bitumen
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Used widely as cut-offs and liners Applied largely is the containment of hazardous and municipal wastes and their leachates Acts as an escape route for gases and leachates generated in wastes
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Made of various materials including low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene PVC geo-membranes are very flexible and can conform to uneven surfaces without being punctured
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Geo-composites
Geosynthetics which are a combination of any of the above three A geo-net sandwiched between two non-woven geo-textile layers can be used to provide a drainage layer with high transmissivity
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GEO-SYNTHETIC ADVANTAGES
Space Savings Material Quality Control Construction Quality Control Cost Savings Technical Superiority Construction Timing Material Availability Environmental Sensitivity
FUNCTIONS
Separation 2. Filtration, drainage 3. Reinforcement 4. Fluid Barrier 5. Protection
1.
Lateral restraint
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Separation
Geo-synthetics is placed at the interface between the aggregate base course and the sub-grade. Functions as a separator to prevent two dissimilar materials (sub-grade soil and aggregates) from intermixing.
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Separation
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Filtration, Drainage
Geo-textile act as a filter to prevent fines from migrating up in to the aggregate due to high pore water pressures Acts as a drain, allowing the excess pore water pressures to dissipate through the geo-textiles
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Reinforcement
Improves the performance of pavements by three possible mechanisms 1. Lateral restraint 2. Bearing capacity increase 3. Membrane tension support
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Lateral Restraint
Lateral restraint of the base and sub-grade through friction and interlock between the aggregate, soil and the geo-synthetic
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Lateral Restraint
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Fluid Barrier
Geo-membranes, thin-film geo-textile composites, are used as fluid barriers to impede the flow of a liquid or gas one location to another.
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Protection
The geo-synthetic acts as a stress relief layer. Geo-synthetic blankets and geo-synthetic mats reduce erosion caused by rainfall impact. Nonwoven geo-textiles is often used to prevent puncture of geo-membranes (by reducing point stresses)
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FUNCTIONS
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FUNCTIONS
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Under these conditions, geosynthetics function primarily as separators and filters to stabilize the sub-grade.
Geo-synthetic Reinforced Pavements 35
FUNCTIONS
Un drained Shear Strength (kPa) Sub-grade CBR Functions
60 90
2-3
30 - 60
1-2
< 30
<1
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Reduces the intensity of stress on the subgrade and prevents the base aggregate from penetrating in to the sub-grade. (Function: separation).
Prevents sub-grade fines from pumping or otherwise migrating up in to the base. (Function: separation and filtration).
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Prevents contamination of the base materials. (Function: filtration). Reduces the thickness of aggregate required to stabilize the sub-grade. (Function: separation and reinforcement).
Reduces disturbance of the sub-grade during construction. (Function: separation and reinforcement).
Geo-synthetic Reinforced Pavements 38
Allows an increase in sub-grade strength over time. (Function: filtration). Reduces the differential settlement of the roadway, this helps in maintain pavement integrity and uniformity. (Function: reinforcement).
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Reduces the depth of excavation required for the removal of unsuitable sub-grade materials (Function: separation and reinforcement). Reduces maintenance and extends the life of the pavement. (Functions: all).
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CONCLUSIONS
Geo-synthetic reinforcement in pavement design and construction should be widespread. Geo-synthetic reinforcements are incorporated into permanent, paved roads either as base (or sub-base) reinforcement As sub-grade restraint for construction of flexible or rigid roadways over weak subgrade conditions
REFERANCES
1.
Engineering properties of sand fiber mixtures for road construction by Rosa L. et al, Journal of geotechnical and geo-environmental engg. March 2001 Performance of geo-synthetic reinforced asphalt pavements by Hoe I Ling et al, Journal of geotechnical and geo-environmental engg. February 2001
2.
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3.
Geo-synthetic reinforcement of aggregate base/sub-base courses of pavement structures GMA White paper II June 27, 2000
4.
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