Life Cycle: From Childhood through Adulthood

Objectives
1. Understand the stages of growth and development during infancy and the effect of nutrition on these stages
2. Explain feeding techniques along with introduction of solids and possible feeding problems during infancy 3. Comprehend the importance of proper nutrition and nutritional concerns during childhood and adolescence

4. Understand the physiological and dietary changes that take place during older adulthood through the elder years
5. Recognize the nutrient needs and nutrition-related concerns for mature adults

The Infants Birthweight

Low birth weight
less than 5.5 lbs (2500 g) at birth classified according to their gestational age

SGA
SGA is Small for Gestational Age AGA is Appropriate for Gestational Age

Normal birth weight

6.5 to 8.75 lbs (3000-4000 g) for full term
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 Infant growth and development

Growth best marker of nutritional status Evaluated using growth charts Weight gain Double birth weight by 5 (4-6) months Triple birth weight by 12 months Length gain Increase length by 50% by 12 months Head circumference Growth Charts
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 Energy and nutrient needs of infancy

Requirements based on composition of breast milk Energy Highest needs of any life stage ~ 100 kcals/kg/day Protein Highest needs of any life stage ~ 2 g/kg/day Carbohydrate and fat Fat major energy source Carbohydrates as simple sugars Water 7

Vitamins and Minerals for Infants

Vitamin D
concern if no sunlight; dark skin; mom is deficient at risk infants---supplement

Vitamin K
single dose at birth

Vitamin B-12
breastfed by a vegan mom may need supplement

Iron
breastfed OK for 6 months; formula-include iron

Fluoride
supplement at 6 months if no fluoride in water
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Newborn Breastfeeding
Ideal method of feeding Newborns show signs of hunger: feed!
Rooting: turning head when stroked on the cheek every 2-3 hours 10-15 minutes per breast

Latch
nipple and areola

Lactation Consultants
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Infant Formulas
Standard Infant Formulas cows milk as a base; Soy-Based Formulas if milk based develop vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, or colic Other Types of Formula for premature; rare defects; allergic to both cows milk and soy Formula Preparation ready-to-feed; concentrate; powdered;

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Feeding Technique

Loving and warm environment hold baby close; make eye contact dont prop bottle burping watch for cues of fullness

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How much to feed newborn?

Breastfeed: 8-12 x/day Wet at least 6 diapers Have at least 3 loose stools per day Regain birth weight within the first 2 weeks

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 Readiness for Solid Foods

Increased digestive enzymes
so solid foods can be digested with ease

Loss of extrusion reflex

infants tongue pushes the spoon and food back out need to be able to transfer food from front of mouth to the back

Able to sit without support Purposefully bring hand to mouth Age of about 4-6 months
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Feeding schedule
Baby rice cereal
iron-fortified; hypoallergenic mix with breast milk or formula

Add one food at a time

see how tolerates foods and watch for allergic reactions

Strained vegetables, fruits, meats 6-7 months: infant spoon and cup with spout lid 8 months: pick up small pieces of food 9-12 months: soft foods; table foods 15 NO cows milk, egg whites, ?wheat?

Infants: Foods to Avoid

Avoid Honey and Corn Syrup
contain spores of Clostridium botulinum, in infants can cause botulism, a deadly food borne illness

Avoid high risk choking foods

hotdogs, nuts, raw carrots, raisins, apple chunks, popcorn, hard candy, gum, hard pretzels, grapes, plain peanut butter,

Dont leave baby along during feeding

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Infancy
Feeding problems during infancy
Colic Baby bottle tooth decay Iron-deficiency anemia Gastroesophageal reflux Diarrhea Failure to thrive Fruit Juices and Drinks
3-6 ounces per day; avoid putting in a bottle
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EWU: figure 12.21

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Childhood: age 1 to beginning of adolescence

Energy and nutrient needs during childhood Energy and protein Kcal and grams protein per kg decrease from infancy
1-3 year old: 1,300 kcals/day 4-6 year old: 1,800 kcals/day 7-10 year old: 2,000 kcals/day

Vitamins and minerals Variety of foods needed Need for supplements?

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Common Food Habits of Toddlers

Playing with food
discover texture, smell, taste

Food jags
continue to offer new foods

Food protests
caregiver model positive, corrective behavior

Irregular eating patterns

growth has slowed; may skip meals but continue to offer regular meals and snacks
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Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake

Advertisements
sweetened cereal; fast food; candy

Social events and parties

pizza; soft drinks;

Popular snacks and beverages

fruit snacks; cookies; ice cream; soda

2 parents working Unscheduled meals and snacks

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Nutritional Concerns of Childhood

Malnutrition and hunger
School Lunch, Breakfast, and Summer Food Service programs

Food and behavior

No scientific link between diet and hyperactivity

Nutrition and chronic disease Gradually phase in lower-fat, higher-fiber diet Childhood obesity Increasing incidence Focus on growth Lead toxicity 23 Vegetarianism

EWU: Figure 13.4

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Adolescence
Physical growth and development
Adolescent growth spurt
Boys: begins between 12-13 years Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight Girls: begins between 10-11 years Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight Change in body composition Changes in emotional maturity
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Nutrient Needs of Adolescents

Energy and protein
Highest total calories and protein grams per day

Vitamins and minerals of concern

Vitamin A Iron Calcium

Influences on food intake

Social factors Income Individuality

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Adolescents

Fitness and sports Acne Eating disorders Obesity Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs

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Staying Young While Growing Older

Age-related changes
Weight and body composition
Add fat, lose lean body mass

Mobility
Reduced muscle and skeletal strength

Immunity
Decline in defense mechanism

Taste and smell

Decline in ability

Gastrointestinal changes
Reduced acid secretion, reduced motility
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Especially Physical Activity

Weigh less Greater flexibility More endurance Better balance Better health Strengthen muscles---less falls
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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

Energy
Reduced needs Decreased activity, decreased lean body mass

Protein
Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults

Carbohydrate
More likely to be lactose intolerant

Fat
Maintain moderate-low fat diet

Water
Reduced thirst response
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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

Vitamins of concern
Vitamin D
Needed for bone health, calcium balance Reduced skin synthesis, activation Higher needs

B vitamins
Reduced ability to absorb vitamin B12 Folate, B6, B12 may help reduce heart disease risk

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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult

Minerals of concern Calcium
Bone health Reduced ability to absorb calcium

Zinc
Marginal deficiencies likely May compromise immunity, wound healing

Magnesium Iron
Elders may have limited intake

Need for supplements

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Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults

Drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions
Can affect use of drugs or nutrients

Depression
May reduce food intake Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use

Anorexia of aging
Loss of appetite with illness Can lead to protein-energy malnutrition
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 Arthritis
May interfere with food preparation and eating Dietary changes may improve symptoms

Bowel and bladder regulation

Increased risk of urinary tract infection Chronic constipation more common with age
Need for increased fluids, fiber

Dental health
May interfere with eating ability, food choices
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 Vision problems
Can affect ability to shop, cook Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration

Osteoporosis
Common in elders, especially women Maintain calcium, vitamin D, exercise

Alzheimers disease
Affects ability to function Reduced taste, smell Risk for weight loss, malnutrition
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Meal Management for Mature Adults

Managing independently
Services for elders Meals on Wheels Elderly Nutrition Program Food Stamp Program

Wise eating for one or two Finding community resources

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Queries???

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