AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF BIODIESEL AT DIFFERENT FUEL TEMPERATURES WITH MULTI HOLE INJECTOR

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: DR. A. REHMAN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGG. MANIT BHOPAL

SUBMITTED BY: P. ANANT RAO SCH NO.-082116112 THERMAL ENGG.

Introduction
Abundant and economical energy is the life blood of modern civilizations. Coal, nuclear and hydro is used primarily to produce electricity.

Natural gas and Biomass, which usually means wood or dried dung, is used for heating and cooking.

Oil powers almost all machines that move and that makes oil uniquely versatile.

Introduction (contd.)
If consumption remains at the same rate, then: Oil reserves-42 years Natural gas reserves-61 years Coal reserves-133 years

Introduction (contd.)
The energy sector is important throughout the world, and especially for developing countries from economic point of view. An energy crisis is any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. World crude oil demand increases. Period % 1994-2006 1.76 2003-04 3.4 Highest demand in 2007- 85.6 million barrels/day World consumption decreases by 1.8% in 2008-09 due to rising fuel cost. Projected demand increases 21% by 2030 CHINA: Growth in oil consumption: 8% yearly since 2002(doubling from 1996-2006) In 2008, expected growth auto sales: 15-20% (economic growth rate over 10% for 5 years in a row)

Introduction (contd.)

Introduction (contd.)

Introduction (contd.)
World scenario of oil production Year Production (per capita per year) 1980 5.26 barrels(0.836 m3/a) 1993 4.44 barrels(0.706 m3/a) 2005 4.79 barrels(0.762 m3/a) In 2006, oil production took a downturn from 84.631 to 84.597 million barrels per day (13.4553106 to 13.4498106 m3/d) although population has continued to increase. This resulted in per capita drop to 4.73 barrels per year (0.752 m3/a).

Introduction (contd.)
The impact of peak oil will depend heavily on the rate of decline and the development and adoption of effective alternatives. Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline.

Introduction (contd.)
Diesel engines are the most efficient prime movers.

Indias demand for diesel fuels is six times that of gasoline.

The scarce and rapidly depleting conventional petroleum resources have promoted research for alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.

Biodiesel has higher diesel fuel

engine power than conventional

The complete combustion reduces HC and CO.

Introduction (contd.)
Biodiesel overview: Produced from biological sources, such as vegetable oils and animal fats

Potential of biodiesel toward environmental protection: Biodiesel emitted 54% less HC, 46% less CO, and 14.7% less NOx, but 0.5% more carbon dioxide (CO2) than diesel

Introduction (contd.)
Potential of biodiesel toward development at the National level: sustainable

Contribute toward sustainable development at the national level in more than one ways. Economic. Locally available feedstock resources. Biodiesel is renewable. Reliable and can help reduce the dependence on fuel supplies from foreign countries. Socioeconomic benefits from biodiesel development. Increased job opportunities and income in rural

Introduction (contd.)

Introduction (contd.)
Properties of biodiesel: The properties of some of the biodiesel fuels are compared in the characteristics of biodiesel are close to mineral diesel, and, therefore, biodiesel becomes a strong candidate to replace the mineral diesel if the need arises

Cloud point and pour point Kinematic viscosity Flash point and fire point

Physical and Thermal Properties of Vegetable Oils

Review of Literature
Challenges and considerations for planning toward sustainable biodiesel development in developing countries: Lessons from the Greater Mekong: (by Subregion Sittha Sukkasi et. al.) Biodiesel has the potential to economically, socially, and environmentally benefit communities as well as countries, and to contribute toward their sustainable development. This work examines biodiesel development in developing countries in the aspects of policy, governance, management, infrastructure, technology, feedstock, impacts other rural poor and local livelihood, climate change, and the environment. This review can serve as a guideline for ensuring that biodiesel development contributes toward sustainable development in developing countries.

Review of Literature
Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines : (by B. Tesfa et.al.) This study has been focused towards two objectives. The first objective is to identify the effect of temperature on density and viscosity and develop a correlation between density and viscosity . The second objective is to investigate and quantify the effects of density and viscosity on engine fuel supply system. To achieve first objective density and viscosity of rapeseed oil biodiesel were tested at different temperatures using EN ISO 3675:1998 and EN ISO 3104:1996 standards. The second objective was achieved by using analytical models showing the effects of density and viscosity on the performance of fuel supply system.

Review of Literature
Experimental and numerical analysis of spray-atomization characteristics of biodiesel fuel in various fuel and ambient temperatures conditions. (by Su Han Park et al):

The purpose of this work is to reveal the effects of fuel temperatures and ambient gas conditions on the sprayatomization behavior of soybean oil methyl ester (SME) fuel. Parameters are analyzed. The experimental results were compared with the numerical results calculated by the KIVA-3V code. The increase of the ambient gas temperature (from 300 K to 450 K) caused a increase in the spray liquid tip penetration.

Review of Literature
Performance and emissions characteristics of Jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine: (by Deepak Agarwal et. al.) Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere along with import substitution of petroleum products. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, water cooled, direct injection diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was used for the experiments. The acquired data were analyzed for various parameters such as thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), smoke opacity, CO2, CO and HC emissions.

Review of literature
High quality biodiesel application: (by I.M. Atadashi et. al.) and its diesel engine

Biodiesel is best substitute for petro diesel and also most advantageous over petro-diesel for its environmental friendliness. This paper reviews. biodiesel separation and purification. biodiesel quality. its effects on diesel engines.

Thesis objective
In the present thesis, bio-diesel is prepared from the raw honge oil (karanja oil) by the transesterification process. The purpose of this work is to reveal the effects of fuel temperatures on the spray-atomization behavior of honge oil (karanja oil) and its blend. Spray parameters such as cone angle, penetration, velocity and time for fully developed cone of spray. Relation of spray parameters with engine performance.

Experimental set up and test procedure

Specification of high speed camera (SA5)

Results and discussions

Effect of fuel on ignition delay:
Figure gives the ignition delay of three fuels. The result shows that diesel fuel gives longer ignition delay than those of palm oil biodiesel fuel (BDFp) and cooking oil biodiesel fuel (BDFc),

This suggests that only Cetane number cannot provide a reasonable indication of ignition delay in all cases.

ignition delay for different biodiesel and diesel

Results and discussions

Effect of fuel on Maximum pressure:
The peak cylinder gas pressure was higher for diesel fuel at all tests. This result can be related to the differences in the heat release (HR) pattern.

Cylinder gas pressure versus crank angle for different fuels at 10 Nm load (a) and 20 Nm load (b) load. [35]

Spray Characteristics
Effect of fuel temperature on spray Cone angle: It is maximum for diesel at temperature 800c of 73.981 degree. As shown above figure the biodiesel at 400c is minimum cone angle obtained. Which is 64.62 deg.

cone angle of diesel at 400c and 200bar

Effect of fuel on cone angle at different temperature

Spray Characteristics
Effect of fuel temperature on time taken for fully developed cone: The maximum time is taken by biodiesel at temperature of 80c. In the experimental result, the increased fuel temperature helps in evaporation of injected droplets, which improve mixing.

Effect of fuel on time taken for fully developed cone at different temperature.

Spray Characteristics
Effect of fuel temperature on Velocity of spray: The maximum velocity of spray is for biodiesel and at temperature 400c and its minimum for diesel at 800c. Higher viscosity and density for biodiesel which result in bigger droplet mass which will contribute towards higher momentum of droplet.

Effect of fuel on spray velocity at different temperature

Spray Characteristics
Effect of fuel temperature on penetration of spray: It clearly shows that minimum penetration of spray is for diesel and at all temperature and maximum for biodiesel at all temperature.

Effect of fuel on spray penetration at different temperature

Spray Characteristics
Effect of spray characteristics on ignition delay: the spray cone angle for diesel is more that biodiesel and its blends at all temperature. However the variation in cone angle is nominal and hence in spite of wider cone angle with diesel fuel the ignition delay for diesel is more. the time taken for fully developed cone for biodiesel and its blends is more than diesel. This will result in more physical delay. Which may increases total ignition delay. the velocity of spray is higher for biodiesel and its blends as compared to diesel. This will result in better penetration of the fuel in combustion chamber bowl.

Spray Characteristics
Effect of spray characteristics on maximum pressure: Generally, maximum pressure (Pmax ) for a cycle with any fuel depends upon heat released after delay period and rate of pressure rise. Higher delay period results in more fuel being injected in the combustion chamber before the commencement of second phase of combustion namely uncontrolled combustion phase.

the Pmax for diesel is higher than that obtained with biodiesel fuels.

Representative spray pictures of biodiesel at 200bar injection pressure and 400C fuel temperature. Frames /second =7000.

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

Calorific value of karanja oil is found to be low by 8%. For biodiesel the delay period reduced by 26% when load increases from 25% to 75%.Delay period is minimum for biodiesel Maximum for diesel of an angle about 73.981 degree at 80c. And minimum cone angle has recorded for biodiesel at 40c is 64.62 degree. With increase in temperature fuel takes more time to form the cone. And it is maximum for diesel at 80c. Approximate increase in cone angle from 400c to 800c fuel temperature is 6.67% for diesel. and increase in cone angle from 400c to 800c fuel temperature for biodiesel is 4.87%. Above results indicate that karanja oil can be used as a one of the alternate fuel for diesel engine . However, it should be pointed out that the above conclusion are for a single cylinder constant speed operation of the engine and some deviation are likely under different engine speed and load

Future scope
Bio diesel produced from karanja oil may be a future fuel for internal combustion engine. Exhaustive performance test at variation in fuel temperature can be performed. Test performed on diesel engine was for short duration, endurance test can be carried out using clean and neat karanja oil with its blends with diesel.

Using biodiesel as an alternative fuel for transportation should not be considered as the sole contribution of biodiesel toward sustainable development.

Future scope
For instance, remote areas of many developing countries are still not connected to the electricity grid. Small-scale community based biodiesel projects can help address basic energy needs for cooking, lighting, heating, etc., and with proper planning the projects can be carried out in socially, economically, and environmentally friendly ways. The development of biodiesel should be encouraged to create jobs opportunities and increase earnings to the populace especially in communities where these raw materials are produced. Bio diesel prepared from sunflower, mahua, jatropha can also be tested on diesel engine.

karanja plantation can be done on large unfertile land of our country for large scale production of bio diesel which will full fill the energy demand.

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Tesfa Haiying Tang, Steven O. Salley, K.Y. Simon Ng Prediction models for density and viscosity of biodiesel and their effects on fuel supply system in CI engines. Fuel 87 (2008) 30063017.
Prafulla P.C. Smith , Y. Ngothai, Q.D. Nguyen, B.K. ONeill. Optimization of biodiesel production from edible and non-edible vegetable oils. Elsevier Fuel 88 (2009) 1302 1306. N. Usta a, E.S. Conkur a, S. Nas c, A.H. C_on c, A.C. Can a, M. Topcu. A Combustion of biodiesel fuel produced from hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture in a Diesel engine. Elsevier Energy Conversion and Management 46 (2005) 741755.

Dennis Y.C. Leung, Xuan Wu, M.K.H. Leung. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Elsevier Applied Energy 87 (2010) 10831095.

Thank you