1.

Linear actuators
Converts hydraulic energy to mechanical energy.
Generates linear movements. Linear motors. Basic types:

o Single acting cylinder

o Double acting cylinder

Examples of linear actuators

Single Acting Cylinders

Only piston side is supplied with hydraulic fluid.

Only work in one direction.

Return stroke effected by spring or load. Applications: Lifting Clamping Moving workpiece

Double Acting Cylinders

Both piston surface is supplied with hydraulic fluids.
Fluid power works in both directions (extend & retract) When piston extends, the fluid on rod are displaced in

reservoir. When piston retract, fluid in piston area are displaced in reservoir.

Specifications of a Hydraulic Cylinder

Bore diameter
o Working pressure determined by bore diameter
o

Larger diameter produces larger forces

Piston rod diameter

o Normally 1/6 of bore diameter

Stroke length
o Length by which the piston rod moves from one extreme position

to another extreme position o Must be less than barrel length, at best an extended/retracted ratio of 2:1.

Specifications of a Hydraulic Cylinder

Working pressure
o Pressure that can be handled by cylinder o Limited by size of bore, rod and tube thickness

Test pressure
o Pressure used during testing (by manufacturer) o Normally 1.5~2 times of normal working pressure

Force
The fluid pushes against the face of the piston and produces a force. The force

produced is given:

F = PA P is the pressure [N/m] and A is the area of the pressure acts on in m.

This assumes that the pressure on the other side of the piston is negligible. The diagram shows a double acting cylinder. In this case the pressure on the other side is usually atmospheric so if P is a

gauge pressure we need not worry about atmospheric pressure.

Speed
The speed of the piston and rod depends upon the flow rate of fluid. The volume per sec entering the cylinder must be the change in volume per

sec inside. It follows then that: Q = A x distance moved per sec Q = A x velocity (full side) Q = (A-a) x velocity (rod side)
In calculus, velocity is given by v = A dx/dt.
In the case of air cylinders, Q is the volume of compressed air and this

changes with pressure, so any variation in pressure will cause a variation in the velocity.

Power
Mechanical power is defined as force x velocity. The fluid power supplied is more than the mechanical power

output because of friction between the sliding parts. P = Fv [Watts]

Cylinder Speed Control

Example

Example

Assignment 2
A single acting hydraulic cylinder has a piston 75 mm

diameter and is supplied with oil at 80 bar gauge and 0.265 dm/s. Calculate the thrust, velocity and power.

Lets Try
A cylinder with area ratio 2:1 is to lift 40 kN load. The max

system pressure for pump is to be 160 bar. Calculate the piston diameter, dp and piston rod diameter dST for this system. The mechanical-hydraulic efficiency of cylinder amounts is 0.95. dp = 6 cm dST = 4.24 cm

Selecting a Cylinder-Example
Piston diameter, dp

dp

4F ; p.hm .

F 40, 000 N ; p 160bar 1600 N / cm 2

33.5 5.79cm 6cm

Selecting a Cylinder-Example
Piston rod diameter, dst

AP AP APR AP AST 28.27 2 d ST 2 28.27 4 d ST 4.24 4.5cm

2. Rotary Actuator
Rotary hydraulic motor

Convert hydraulic energy to rotary mechanical energy.

Motor capacity:
p=M/V

Q=nV

p : Pressure [Pa] M : Torque [Nm] V : Geometric displacement capacity [cm3] Q : Flow rate [L/min] n : speed [rpm]

Basic Fluid Power Formulas

Actuator Formulas

Pump Formulas