Complex Numbers 2

Complex Numbers 2
www.mathxtc.com

Complex Numbers

Complex Numbers

What is truth?
Complex Numbers

Who uses them

in real life?
Complex Numbers

Who uses them

in real life?

Heres a hint.
Complex Numbers

Who uses them

in real life?

Heres a hint.
Complex Numbers

Who uses them

in real life?

The navigation system in the space
shuttle depends on complex numbers!
Can you see a problem here?
Who goes first?
Complex numbers do not have order
What is a complex number?
It is a tool to solve an equation.
It has been used to solve equations for the
last 200 years or so.

It is defined to be i such that ;

2
1 i =
It is defined to be i such that ;

Or in other words;
2
1 i =
1 i =
Complex
i is an imaginary
number
Complex
i is an imaginary
number
Or a complex number
Complex
i is an imaginary
number
Or a complex number
Or an unreal number
Complex?
i is an imaginary
number
Or a complex number
Or an unreal number
The terms are inter-
changeable
complex
imaginary
unreal
Some observations
In the beginning there were counting
numbers
1
2
Some observations
numbers
And then we needed integers
1
2
Some observations
numbers
1
2
-1
-3
Some observations
numbers
And rationals
1
2
-1
-3
0.41
Some observations
numbers
And rationals
And irrationals
1
2
-1
-3
0.41
2
Some observations
numbers
And rationals
And irrationals
And reals
1
2
-1
-3
0.41
2
t
0
So where do unreals fit in ?
We have always used them. 6 is not just 6 it is
6 + 0i. Complex numbers incorporate all
numbers.

1
2
-1
-3
0.41
2
t
3 + 4i
2i
0
A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number

number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number

number
6 + 3i is a complex number

number
x + iy is the general form of a complex
number

number
number
If x + iy = 6 4i then x = 6 and y =
-
4

number
number
If x + iy = 6 4i then x = 6 and y =

4
The real part of 6 4i is 6

Worked Examples
1. Simplify

4
Worked Examples
1. Simplify

4
2
4 4 1
4
2
i
i
=
=
=
Worked Examples
1. Simplify

2. Evaluate
4
2
4 4 1
4
2
i
i
=
=
=
3 4 i i
Worked Examples
1. Simplify

2. Evaluate
4
2
4 4 1
4
2
i
i
=
=
=
3 4 i i
2
3 4 12
12 1
12
i i i =
=
=
Worked Examples
3. Simplify

3 4 i i +
Worked Examples
3. Simplify

3 4 i i +
3 4 7 i i i + =
Worked Examples
3. Simplify

4. Simplify

3 4 i i +
3 4 7 i i i + =
3 7 4 6 i i + +
Worked Examples
3. Simplify

4. Simplify

3 4 i i +
3 4 7 i i i + =
3 7 4 6 i i + +
3 7 4 6 13 i i i + + = +
Worked Examples
3. Simplify

4. Simplify

5. Simplify

3 4 i i +
3 4 7 i i i + =
3 7 4 6 i i + +
3 7 4 6 13 i i i + + = +
(3 7)(3 7) i i +
Addition Subtraction
Multiplication
3. Simplify

4. Simplify

5. Simplify

3 4 i i +
3 4 7 i i i + =
3 7 4 6 i i + +
3 7 4 6 13 i i i + + = +
(3 7)(3 7) i i +
( )
2
2
(3 7)(3 7) 3 7 9 49 58 i i i + = = =
Division
6. Simplify

2
3 7 i +
Division
6. Simplify

The trick is to make the denominator real:

2
3 7 i +
Division
6. Simplify

The trick is to make the denominator real:

2
3 7 i +
2 3 7 2(3 7)
3 7 3 7 58
(3 7)
29
7 3
29
i i
i i
i
i

=
+
=
Solving Quadratic Functions
) ( 2 3
2
1 16 6
2
16 6
2
52 36 6
0 13 6 . 7
2
Conjugates solutions complex i x
x
x
x
x x Solve
=

=

=

=
= +
Powers of i
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
7
6
5
4
3
2
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
Powers of i
( )
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
1 1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
Powers of i
( )
=
=
=
= =
= =
= =
=
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
1 1 1
1
1 1
i
i
i
i
i i i
i
i i
Powers of i
( )
i i
i
i i
i
i i i
i
i i
=
=
=
= =
= =
= =
=
7
6
5
4
3
2
2
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
Powers of i
1
1
16 12 8 4
15 11 7 3
14 10 6 2
13 9 5 1
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
= = = =
i i i i
i i i i i
i i i i
i i i i i
Developing useful rules
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
) )( (
2
) )( (
2
2
) (
b abi a
bi a bi a z
b bi a
bi a bi a z
bi z z
a z z
Conjugate bi a z and bi a z Consider
=
=
+ =
+ + =
=
= +
= + =
2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
) (
) (
) (
) (
) )( (
) (
b a
b abi a
bi a
bi a
bi a
bi a
z
z
z
b a
bi a bi a z z
Conjugate bi a z and bi a z Consider
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
=
+ =
+ =
= + =
( )
=
= +
+ = + =
2 1
2 1
2 1
. 2
. 1
z z
z z
di c z and bi a z Consider
( )
( )
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1
. 2
. 1
z z z z
z z z z
di c z and bi a z Consider
=
+ = +
+ = + =
Argand Diagrams
Jean Robert Argand was a Swiss amateur
mathematician. He was an accountant
book-keeper.
Argand Diagrams
book-keeper.
He is remembered for 2 things
His Argand Diagram
Argand Diagrams
book-keeper.
His Argand Diagram
His work on the bell curve
Argand Diagrams
book-keeper.
His Argand Diagram
His work on the bell curve

Very little is known about Argand. No
likeness has survived.
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
2 + 3i
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
2 + 3i
We can represent complex
numbers as a point.
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
We can represent complex
numbers as a vector.
O
A
1
2 z i OA = + =
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
1 2
z z OA AC
OC
+ = +
=
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
? BA =
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
? BA =
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
OB BA OA + =
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
OB BA OA
BA OA OB
+ =
=
Argand Diagrams
x
y
1 2 3
1
2
3
1
2 z i OA = + =
2
2 3 z i OB = + =
O
A
B
3
4 4 z i OC = + =
C
1 2
OB BA OA
BA OA OB
z z
+ =
=
=
De Moivre
Abraham De Moivre was a
French Protestant who moved
to England in search of
religious freedom.
He was most famous for his
work on probability and was an
acquaintance of Isaac Newton.
His theorem was possibly
suggested to him by Newton.
( )
cos sin cos sin
n
i n i n u u u u + = +
De Moivres Theorem
This remarkable formula works for
all values of n.
Enter Leonhard Euler..
Euler who was the first to use i for complex
numbers had several great ideas. One of them
was that
e
iu
= cos u + i sin u

Here is an amazing proof.

1
Let sin
sin
y
y
u
u

=
=
1
2
Let sin
sin
1
, now let so
1
y
y
dy y iz dy idz
y
u
u
u
=
=
= = =
(
(
]
( )
1
2
2
Let sin
sin
1
, now let so
1
1
1
y
y
dy y iz dy idz
y
idz
iz
u
u
u
=
=
= = =
(
(
]
(
(
]
( )
1
2
2
2
Let sin
sin
1
, now let so
1
1
1
1
1
y
y
dy y iz dy idz
y
idz
iz
i dz
z
u
u
u
=
=
= = =
=
+
(
(
]
(
(
]
(
(
]
( )
1
2
2
2
Let sin
sin
1
, now let so
1
1
1
1
1
y
y
dy y iz dy idz
y
idz
iz
i dz
z
u
u
u
=
=
= = =
=
+
(
(
]
(
(
]
(
(
]
( )
2
2
1
1
ln 1 [standard integral]
i dz
z
i z z
u
u
=
+
= + +
(
(
]
( )
2
2
1
1
sin
now
i dz
z
i z z
y
y iz z
i i
u
u
u
=
+
= + +
= = =
(
(
]
( )
2
2
2
1
1
sin
now
sin sin
ln 1
i dz
z
i z z
y
y iz z
i i
i
i i
u
u
u
u u
u
=
+
= + +
= = =
| |
| |
= + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
(
(
]
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
sin
now
sin sin
ln 1
ln 1 sin sin
i dz
z
i z z
y
y iz z
i i
i
i i
i i
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
=
+
= + +
= = =
| |
| |
= + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
(
(
]
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
sin
now
sin sin
ln 1
ln 1 sin sin
i dz
z
i z z
y
y iz z
i i
i
i i
i i
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
=
+
= + +
= = =
| |
| |
= + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
(
(
]
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
sin
now
sin sin
ln 1
ln 1 sin sin
i dz
z
i z z
y
y iz z
i i
i
i i
i i
u
u
u
u u
u
u u
=
+
= + +
= = =
| |
| |
= + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
(
(
]
( )
( )
2
ln 1 sin sin
ln cos sin
i i
i i
u u u
u u u
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
ln 1 sin sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
i i
i i
i i
i i
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u

=
=
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
ln 1 sin sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
1
ln
cos sin
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i i
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u
u u
u u
u
u u u u
=
=
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
ln 1 sin sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
ln cos sin
1
ln
cos sin
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
i i
i i
i i
i i
i
i
i
i
i i
u u u
u u u
u u u
u u u
u
u u
u u
u
u u u u
=
=
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
i
i
i i
u u
u
u u u u
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
( )
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
ln cos sin
i
i
i i
i i
u u
u
u u u u
u u u
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
= +
( )
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
ln cos sin
cos sin
i
i
i
i i
i i
e i
u
u u
u
u u u u
u u u
u u
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
= +
= +
( )
1 cos sin
ln
cos sin cos sin
ln cos sin
cos sin
i
i
i
i i
i i
e i
u
u u
u
u u u u
u u u
u u
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
= +
= +
One last amazing result
Have you ever thought about i
i
?
One last amazing result
What if I told you that i
i
is a real
number?
now cos sin
2 2
i i
t t
= +
2
now cos sin
2 2
but cos sin
so cos sin
2 2
i
i
i i
e i
e i i
u
t
t t
u u
t t
= +
= +
= + =
2
2
now cos sin
2 2
but cos sin
so cos sin
2 2
i
i
i
i
i
i i
e i
e i i
e i
u
t
t
t t
u u
t t
= +
= +
= + =
| |
=
|
\ .
2
2
2
2
2
now cos sin
2 2
but cos sin
so cos sin
2 2
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
e i
e i i
e i
e i
e i
u
t
t
t
t
t t
u u
t t
= +
= +
= + =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
i
i
= 0.20787957635076190855
2
5
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3 3
now cos sin
2 2
but cos sin
3 3
so cos sin
2 2
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i i
e i
e i i
e i
e i
e i
u
t
t
t
t
t t
u u
t t

= +
= +

= + =
| |
=
|
\ .
=
=
i
i
= 111.31777848985622603
So i
i
is an infinite number of
real numbers
The
End

Complex Numbers 2

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Complex Numbers 2

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Complex Numbers 2

Вам также может понравиться