Matter & Change

characterizing matter and describing how it changes

Properties of Matter


Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Mass* is the amount of matter that an object contains.

*Note: Mass doesn t change, regardless of location. Weight, which measures the pull of gravity, DOES change under different gravitational conditions.

States of Matter
Solid definite shape and volume

Liquid flows; fixed volume; takes the shape of its container

Gas takes shape and volume of container

States of H2O

Zumdahl & Decoste, 2008.

WU1

Properties of Matter


Physical Properties: describe observable characteristics; change without changing composition of matter Chemical Properties: describe behavior of matter; change as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy

Slide 5 WU1 Physical: texture, size, color Chemical: has to change into something else
Windows User, 9/15/2011

WU2

Classify as a Physical or Chemical Property:

boiling point of ethanol (78C) solid state of ice ability of propane to burn in air

Physical

Physical Chemical

Slide 6 WU2 1. because if you boil something, you are not changing it into something different 2. same reason. its still water 3. because its forming something new by reacting with oxygen in the air
Windows User, 9/15/2011

WU3

When Matter Changes



Physical change
does not alter the composition of the substance Includes changes in state of matter, or shape

Chemical Change
Alters the chemical structure of the substance Cannot get original substance back (usually)

Slide 7 WU3 physical : changes the appareance chemical: changes the idenitity
Windows User, 9/15/2011

WU4

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

Decomposing water Boiling water

http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wpp/boil/index.html Zumdahl & Decoste, 2008.

Slide 8 WU4 1st: in the pot: water in liquid form in the air: water in gas form 2nd: water goes in as liquid and comes out the contraption as H2 (gas) and O2 (gas) no longer gas
Windows User, 9/15/2011

WU5

4 Indicators of a Chemical Reaction:

 Evolution

of a gas of heat/light color change

 Production

 Unexpected  Formation

of a precipitate

NOTE: These are hints to help distinguish a chemical process from a physical change. This list is not all-inclusive!

Slide 9 WU5 1. example: baking soda and vinegar --> foaming volcano CO2 2. example: strike a flame. the heat and the light indicate chemical change. heat and light comes from the initial energy and the energy in the chemical bonds 3. when two colorless and colorless mix together and you randomly get pink. theres a new substance born and it is pink 4.when you mix two liquids together and some white flakes come floating down to the bottom because there is something new that you created that doesnt dissolve in your liquid solution (precipitate: the solid that falls out of the solution)
Windows User, 9/15/2011

WU6

Classify as a Physical or Chemical Change

iron metal melting iron combining with oxygen to form rust sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol

Physical Chemical

Chemical

Slide 10 WU6 1. because its still iron no matter what state 2. because rust and iron are two different substances -->indicator: change of color 3.because sugar is different from ethyl alcohol --> indicator: evolution of a gas because bacteria are making gas)
Windows User, 9/15/2011

Types of Matter
Matter

Pure Substance Constant Composition Homogeneous

Mixture Variable Composition

Examples
Physical Changes
        

Melting ice cream, chocolate, ice Melting wax on candle Dissolving Ripping paper Making ice Melting butter Juicing fruit Cutting hair Crushing a can

Chemical Changes  Spoiling of food  Fall foliage (changing of color)  Mold on/eating bread  Alka Seltzer in water and it bubbles  Burning wick  Baking cake  Fireworks  Cooking scrambled eggs  Penny oxidizing  Photosynthesis  Respiration  Running engine

Types of Matter
Pure Substance made of only one type of matter (elements or compounds)  Mixture physical blend of matter


Can be:
Homogeneous uniform composition, 1 visible phase, also called solutions  Heterogeneous not uniform, more than 1 phase


WU7

Matter and Substance



A substance is a kind of matter that has a uniform composition that is always the same from sample to sample.
HELIUM

WATER

Element: cannot be broken down into a simpler substance

Compound: can be broken down into elements by chemical change

Slide 14 WU7 difference between element and compouds is that elements is in its simplist form and compounds can be broken down but it requires a chemical change.
Windows User, 9/16/2011

Chemical Symbols


One- or two-letter abbreviations are used for elements.

Ex. H hydrogen Na sodium O oxygen Cl - chlorine
NOTE: The first letter of a chemical symbol is capitalized. The second letter (if present) is lowercase. The first letter of the name of a chemical is not capitalized.

WU8

Chemical Symbols
 

For compounds, the symbol for each element forming the compound is used. Subscripts tell how many atoms of each element are present.
NaCl: There is 1 sodium atom and 1 chlorine atom. H20: There are 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom.

Slide 16 WU8 just put two symbols togethe to abbriviate a compound

Windows User, 9/16/2011

Pure Substances
I2 Elements: Hg HgI2 Compound: Formed via chemical change

Elements and Compounds

The properties of a compound are different from the properties of the elements that make up the compound: Example:
water (H2O): liquid at 25C, melts at 0C, boils at 100C hydrogen (H2): gas at 25C, melts at 259C, boils at 253C oxygen (O2): gas at 25C, melts at 219C, boils at 183C

WU9

Types of Matter
Pure Substance made of only one type of matter (elements or compounds)  Mixture physical blend of matter


Can be:
Homogeneous uniform composition, 1 visible phase, also called solutions  Heterogeneous not uniform, more than 1 phase


Slide 19 WU9 some mixtures can seem like one component (like air because there is nitrogen, oxygen, argon etc but you wouldnt know it) others can see the two phases (oil and water)
Windows User, 9/16/2011

WU10

Solutions (homogeneous mixtures)



Solutions can be made in any state of matter. Solutions can be separated by physical means.

Slide 20 WU10 solution are not only luqiud and can be separated
Windows User, 9/16/2011

Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous

    

Salad Dressing Gasoline Brass Potting Soil Watermelon

Heterogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

WU11

Separating Mixtures
Using physical means
Different Physical Property Boiling point State of matter (solid/liquid/gas) Adherence to a surface Volatility Technique Distillation Filtration Chromatography Evaporation

Slide 22 WU11 the way you separate depends on the type of mixture and state of matter
Windows User, 9/16/2011

WU12

Distillation: Separation by B.P.

BEFORE

AFTER
Zumdahl & Decoste, 2011.

Salt water is a homogeneous mixture.

Slide 23 WU12 since the water boils at 100 degrees celcius and salt boils at thousands of degrees so the water evaporates and the salt stays. water goes into condensing tube and drips down into flask
Windows User, 9/16/2011

WU13

Filtration: Separation by State

The original mixture is heterogeneous.

Zumdahl & Decoste, 2011.

Slide 24 WU13 when you pour the solution through the funnel, the liquid passes through the filter paper and the solid stays in the filter called the residue. works best for heterogeneous solutions
Windows User, 9/16/2011

WU14

Chromatography (ex. Paper)

Zumdahl & Decoste, 2008.

Separates homogeneous mixtures by polarity in solvent.

Slide 25 WU14 used for homogeneous blue likes the paper and runs the farthest while the yellow doesnt like it so much and sticks to the paper and red is just in between also used in forensics to test fake or real
Windows User, 9/16/2011

WU15

Separation of a Multicomponent Mixture

Zumdahl & Decoste, 2011.

Slide 27 WU15 methods can be combined: hetergenous solution. filter it first to get the sand out then distill water to get the salt out
Windows User, 9/16/2011

Elements and Compounds

Summary of the Classification System for Matter: