Personality Development

What is Personality?

The way an individual is interrelated through his ideas, actions and attitudes with the many nonhuman aspects of his environment and his biological heritage.

COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY
1. Spiritual and moral values. This pertains to the relationship with God. 2. Psychosocial traits. These traits refers to the ability to adjust to the society. 3. Temperament. This refers to self-control, emotional maturity and stability. 4. Physical or biological traits and characteristics. These refers to the general attribute, height, weight etc. 5. Capacities. These refer to the mental capacity, or intelligence, education, expertise, noted achievements and multiple intelligence like talents in art, music, etc.

SIGMUND FREUD
Born 6 May 1856 and died 23 September 1939 Austrian Neurologist who founded the discipline of Psychoanalysis. Best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression.

STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
According to Birch (1998), personality consists of three major structures presented by Freud. These are the Id, the Ego, and the superego. Each of the three parts has its own function, producing a well-balanced and well integrated behavior.

 ID - isnt bound by logic or reality; it follows the pleasure principle;

its aims are to avoid pain, reduce tension, and indulge; it is made of urges, wishes, needs, and wants; it is the original source of the personality. Ego - emerges from the id to satisfy the demands of society; it is the part of the mind that balances personal needs with available resources; its goal is to ensure the health and survival of the self. It uses reason, planning, and delayed gratification; it operates according to the reality principle. Super-Ego - emerges as the self learns moral values and norms and forms a conscience, which is concerned with right and wrong, and develops as a result of punishments and rewards in childhood; the super-ego (1) suppresses impulses, (2) modifies the egos realistic goals with moral constraints, and (3) motivates the person to strive for excellence.

Psychoanalytic Theory
The mind is like an iceberg mostly hidden.

Development of Personality
In the course of development, the children pass through a series of stages according to Freud. During each stage, satisfaction is gained as the libido is directed towards a different part of the body. He referred to as sexual instincts which means physical pleasurable for children. In the later development, each stage entails problems to be overcome.

-Freud Psychosexual Stages 1. Oral stage (from birth to one year) 2. Anal stage (one-three years) 3. Phallic stage (three-six years) 4. Latency stage (six years-adolescence) 5. Genital stage (adolescence and beyond)

1.) Oral stage (from birth to one year)

The oral stage can be subdivided into: Passive Receptive Sucking sub phase of the earlier months; and Later stage, active, aggressive, biting subphase. Eating is the major source of satisfaction.

2.) Anal stage (one-three years)

This stage focuses on pleasurable sensations experienced in the mucous membranes of the rectum. The child starts to control some bodily functions like gaining satisfaction from expelling and withdrawing faeces.

3.) Phallic stage (three-six years)

In this stage, the libidinal energy centers on the genitals and feeling become overtly sexual. the greatest source of pleasure of the child comes from the sex organs.

4.) Latency stage (six years-adolescence)

This stage is characterized by calmness. During this time, the libido is submerged and does not center upon any bodily area. It is time for ego development, particularly in relation to social and intellectual skills.

5.) Genital stage (adolescence and beyond)

There is renewed interest in sexual pleasure and all previous sexual drives associated with particular regions of the body which come together in an integrated set of adult attitudes and feelings.

THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
There are outstanding characteristics of individual, which are by-product of hereditary and environment. The theories explain the development and emergence of these personality traits and characteristics.

1.) PHYSIQUE (Body Type). This is a bodily constitution, health and vigor, associated with temperament.
A. Kretchemers classification 1. Asthenic. A person is described as tall, thin body associated with schizophrenia or schizothyme temperament, a mental disorder, characterized by splitting of personality dissociation, emotional deterioration, and out of ideational content.

2. Pyknic.
He is described as short, fat body with cyclothymic temperament, a mild manic-depressive psychosis involving recurring cycles of exhilaration and depression.

3. Dysplastic.
A bodily defective and handicapped person.

4. Normal
There is only mild form of asthenic and pyknic characteristics and bodies and temperaments are appropriate and accepted as normal by the majority.

B. Sheldons Classification
1. Endomorphic (endomorph). This person is characterized by prominence of the intestines and visceral organs around the body, but weak muscles and bones.

2. Mesomorphic (mesomorph)
He is an athletic type of person with strong and rippling muscles, broad shouldered and narrow hipped.

3. Ectomorphic (ectomorph)
He could be described as tall, thin, and stoopshouldered, with delicate skin, and sensitive nervous system.

2.) TEMPERAMENT TYPES (Physiology: type

based on body chemistry and endocrine balance.) A. SHELDONS TEMPERAMENT ARE:

1. Viscerotonic. This is characterized by predominantly endomorphic, loves to eat, seeks bodily comfort, sociable, relaxed in posture and movement, and slow in reactions.

2. Sonatotonic.
He is described as predominantly mesomorph, energetic, likes exercise, direct in his manners and loves competitive aggressiveness.

3. Cerebrotonic
He is predominantly described as ectomorphic, sensitive and emotional, worries much, does not like groups and loves solitude.

B. GREEK CLASSIFICATION.
Temperament is dependent upon the predominant body fluid.

1. Sanguine. is described as warm-hearted, pleasant, quick to react, balanced emotional excitement. Predominantly body fluid is blood.

2. Melancholic
He suffers from depression and sadness, unpleasant, calm emotion. Predominant body fluid is black bile.

3. choleric.
Is describes as easily angry and quick to react, irritable, easily excited emotionally. Predominant body fluid is bile.

4. Phlegmatic.
Listless, slow, apathetic, clam, emotionally weak. Permanent body fluid is the phlegm.

3.) Behavior: Psychological Types (These are Jungs Theory)

1. Introvert. He is a person who prefers to be alone, loner, shy, withdrawn, but may be a leader in a discussion if his level of intelligence is high. 2. Extrovert. He is a person who tends to be very sociable, egocentric, emotional, orthodox, outgoing, well dressed and who prefers to work that deals with people like sales representatives.

3. Ambivert. This is a normal type of person who is in between the two extremes of introversion and extroversion.

 Five dimensions are involved in forming the human personality. These are: 1. Physical self; 2. Energy self; 3. Intellectual self; 4. Mental self; and 5. Blissful self.

1. Physical self
Proper nourishment and growth of physical faculties is essential by way of balanced diet, recreation, music, and care and concern from near and dear ones.

2. Energy self
Relates to metabolism and the growth manifestations of energy (prana), e.g. act of breathing. The control of prana is achieved by control of anger, anxiety and restlessness.

3. Intellectual Self. Pertains to discrimination power and knowledge or the cognitive domain. 4. Mental Self. Related to stress and psychology, selflessness and control, concentration and calmness and mind plays essential role. 5. Blissful self. Is the function of state of being. It calls for remaining calm and unaffected, nay (rather) for remaining happy, in all the frivolities (not having any serious purpose) of world, in all neck-breaking competition and struggle, failure and success.

-THE ENDThank You!!!