UNIT IV

System implementation strategies ans process

Implementation is one of the largest and one of the most costly step in system development. Information system cant be implemented in one day in a business and thus takes alonger time.

Contd..
The various activities involved during system implementation are as follows: 1. Plan the implementation 2. Site preperation and equipment installation 3. Training personnel 4. Conversion procedures 5. post-implementation evaluation
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1. Plan the implementation

The first step of implementation includesthe following: A) identify the implementation tasks which consists of: Organizing the personnel Acquiring facilities Developing training program Acquiring hardware and software etc.
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Contd..
B) Establish relationship among tasks and identify tasks which must immediately precede each task. C) Establish a schedule of estimated time required to do each task. D) prepare a cost schedule tied to time and task. E) Establishing a reporting and control system.
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2. Site preparation and equipment installation

The installation of a new system to replace the old system requires revisionn of facilities and new office , computer room and production layouts. When the layout is ready, the equipment should be physically installed by the vendor and connected to power source and communicating lines.
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3. Training personnel
The level of training requied depends upon the number, quality and complexity of design specifications, the similarity between the newsystem and the system being replaced, and finally on the designers ability to communicate with operating people in terms they understand.

5. post-implementation evaluation
Evaluation is concerned not only with the accomplishment of objectives but also with the efficiency of accomplishment. It involves: A) Project Team evaluation B) System evaluation C) Information evaluation

System Evaluation and Maintenance

The objective of system evaluation is to understand the extent to which the proposed benefits from the new system, which were identified during project initiation. It is conducted several months after the syetem is installed because it often takes a while before the system can be properly assessed. The objective of system evaluation is to compare the anticipted benefits against the actual benefits from the system.
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Contd..
A system can be evaluated on the basis of following: A) availablity:- the probability that the system will be ready for operation when called upon. B) Dependability:- The probability of the system completing the job satisfactorily. C) capability:- The ability of the system to achieve the objectives.
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Contd..
D) System integrity:- How well are the subsystems integrated into the total system without redundancy? How flexible is the system? E) Operating integrity:- How skilled are the people operating the system? What backup is there to prevent the system breakdown? F) Internal integrity:- How well does the system do, what it is supposed to do?
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System maintenance
It is a process of refining the system to make sure that it continues to meet business needs. System maintenance is the responsibility of the project manager. Maintenance is required basically for following reasons: 1) Bugs in the system:- Reports from the operations group that identify bugs in the system must be rectified.
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Contd..
2) Enhancement to the system:- The enhancements are important in satisfying the users and are often key in ensuring the system changes as per the business requirements. This is also called perfective maintenance. 3) Integration of users:- Maintenance is also required for integrating 2 systems. 4) S/W and network changes:- Another reason for system maintenance is to incorporate software and network changes. 5) senior management:- It is also required to incorporate the major changes in organizations strategy or operations in the system.
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Cross functional MIWS

Information systems in the real world typically are integrated combinations of crossfunctional business systems. Many organizations are using information technology to develop integrated crossfunctional enterprise systems that cross the boundaries of traditional business functions in order to reengineer and improve vital business processes all across the enterprise.
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ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

ERP covers the techniques and concepts employed for the integrated management of businesses as a whole, from the viewpoint of the effective use of management resources, to improve the efficiency of an enterprise. ERP systems are computer-based systems designed to process an organizations transactions and facilitate integrated and realtime planning, production and customer response.
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Characteristics of ERP
1. They integrate the various processes in the organization. 2. They allow access to the data in real time. 3. They are software designed for a client-server environment. 4. They have flexibility to accommodate the changing needs of an enterprise. 5. They have features like security, authorization, responsibility and implementation of business rules.
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CRM(Customer Relationship Management)

CRM uses IT to create a cross-functional enterprise system that integrates and automates many of the customer-functional enterprise system that integrates and automates many of the customer serving processes in sales, marketing and customer services that interact with a companys customers.
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Contd..
CRM systems include a family of s/w modules that provides the tools that enable a business and its employees to provide fast, convenient, dependable and consistent services to its customers. They store the data in a common customer database that integrates all customer account information and makes it available throughout the company via internet, intranet or other network links for sales, marketing , service and other CRM application.
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Contd..
Basically CRM is the process of developing and managing long terms relationships with customers, so that they will keep coming back to make repeat purchases. In order to maintain the long term relationship with the customers, the firm should use the techniques to develop the customers personal profile.
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SCM (Supply Chain Management)

SCM is a cross-functional in enterprise system that uses IT to help support and manage the links between some of a companys key processes and those of its suppliers, customers and business partners. It refers to the way that the materials flow through different vendors, stating with the raw materials and ending with finishing goods demand to the end users.
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Contd..
It basically refers to a sequence of suppliers, transportation, manufacturing, warehouses, middle man, retailers and final users. The goal of SCM is to create a fast, efficient and low-cost network of business relationships or supply chain to get a companys products from concept to market. SCM software can also help to improve interenterprise coordination among supply chain process players.
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Transaction Processing System

TPS are those business systems which process day-to-day transactions of an organization to carry out its business operations. The TPS supports the monitoring, collection, storage, processing and dissemination of the organizations basic business transactions. Every transaction may generate additional transactions.
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Contd..
For example, when transaction of a purchase takes place, it would change the inventory level, accounts level, accounts payable etc. . The information system that supports these transactions is the TPS. The TPS is the backbone of an organizations information system. It monitors, collects, stores, processes and disseminates information for all routine core business transactions. An example of TPS is an inventory control system.
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Objectives of TPS
1. It allows efficient and effective operation of the organization. 2. It provides timely documents and reports. 3. It increases the competitive advantage of the organization. 4. It ensure accuracy and integrity of data and information. 5. It safeguards assets and security of information.
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Executive Information System (EIS)

EIS is also known as Executive support system(ESS). The information system which supports to the executive level of management is called Executive Information System. EIS is an information system that combines many of the features of MIS and DSS. Executive work station depends on mainframe or minicomputer for access to EIS software. Most of the reports/outputs use the graphic displays that are easy to understand and refer quickly by the executives.
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Features of EIS
1. Ability to solve the business problem. 2. Access to external database 3. Application of statistical analysis tools. 4. an easy to use and understand GUI interface outputs. 5. Has capabilities to reach the desirable information any time.

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AI
AI is a field of science and technology based on disciplines such as computer science, biology, psychology, mathematics and engineering. The goal of AI is to develop computers that can think, see, hear, walk, talk and feel.

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Neural Networks
N.N are computing systems modeled after the brains mesh like network of interconnected processing elements called neurons. N.N are a lot simpler in architecture , still like the brain, the interconnected processers in a neural network operate in parallel and interact dynamically with each other.

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Contd..
N.N can be implemented on microcomputers and other traditional computer systems by using software packages that stimulate the activity of a neural network. Specialized N.N coprocessor circuit boards for PCs are also available that provide significantly greater processing power.

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Fuzzy logic system

Fuzzy logic is a method of reasoning that enables human reasoning since it allows for approximate values and inferences (fuzzy logic) and incomplete or ambiguous data (fuzzy data) instead of relying only on crisp data, such as binary (yes/no ) choices. Fuzzy logic uses terminology that is deliberately imprecise, such as very high, increasing, somewhat decreased, reasonable and very low.
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Contd..
This enable fuzzy systems to process incomplete data and quickly provide approximate , but acceptable solutions to problems that are difficult for other methods to solve. The examples of applications of fuzzy logic includes self-adjusting washing machines, auto focus cameras, auto stabilizing camcorders, energy efficient ACs etc.
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Virtual Reality
VR is a computer simulated reality. It is fast growing area of AI that had its origins in efforts to build more natural, realistic, multisensory human-computer interface. So, VR relies on multisensory I/O devices such as tracking headset with video goggles and stereo earphones, a data glove or jumpsuit with fiber-optic sensors.
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VR applications
Current applications of VR are wide ranging and include computer aided design (CAD), medical diagnostics and treatment, scientific experimentation in many physical and biological sciences, flight simulation for training pilots and astronauts, employee training etc.

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