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Abiodun Bamigboye, FRSH Community Health Department Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife. paobamiboye@yahoo.com.
Some improvement? BUT Life Expectancy was low 50-50 chance of survival Only a fifth of the world has access to any permanent form of health care
One third of the people in developing countries had access to safe water less have access to safe means of excreta disposal Continued disparity in access to health between poor and the rich and btw rural and urban
No community involvement and participation (people who need to be healthy are not involved) Public health services of the 67 poorest developing countries excluding China spend less in total than the rich countries spend on tranquillisers.
PHC Definition
Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost the that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self determination .
The Declaration
The world Health Assembly in 1978 after an in-depth consideration of the situation of the health status of the world rose and declared PHC the cornerstone of global health attainment. Nigeria was (an important) signatory to the declaration
Unprecedented political event Formed basis for a World Health Policy Served as basis for formulation of health policies in most countries
PHC involves the directing of the national health services to community health needs. Democratically we can define PHC as the Health of the PEOPLE by the PEOPLE and for the PEOPLE. The Alma- Ata conference envisaged PHC as a radical reinterpretation of health services.
For the conference, HFA represented a commitment to greater justice and equity in health resources allocation. This implies a denunciation of existing inequalities and at least implicitly, the resolve to redress such imbalances.
PHC
Health within reach of everyone By Health we mean a personal state of wellbeing Not just availability of services the ultimate is to ENABLE each one lead a socially economic productive life HFA= removal of ALL obstacles to health
PHC
HFA= seeing health as the main goal of economic development and not as one of the means of attaining it. HFA= literally demands ultimately literacy for all HFA depends on continued progress in medical and Public health
PHC
The technical definition of PHC clearly indicate the goals and the ways to which it was intended to be directed. It is clear from the declaration that it was intended to be people oriented .
PHC
HFA/2000 thus became a popular slogan and a lucrative programme at all levels of governments in the country It has also become more or less a propaganda
Obstacles to health
Health interventions? HFA is a holistic concept calling for efforts in agric, industry, education, housing, communications, medicine and public health.
Solutions
Medical care cannot bring health to a hungry people living in slums. Health for such people requires a whole new way of life and fresh opportunities to provide themselves with a higher standard of living
Education concerning prevailing health problems and methods of preventing and controlling them Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition Adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation Maternal and child health including family planning (MCH)
st 1
8 Components
Immunization against the major infectious diseases Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries Provision of essential drugs
Components
Pillars
APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY the use of the most appropriate and cost effective methods and equipment for each level of care HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTION adopting a comprehensive approach which combines facility-based health services with multi-sectoral public health interventions.
5 PILLARS OF PHC
EQUITY COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT/ PARTICIPATION INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION : acceptance of the health professions to collaborate with other sectors that have direct and indirect impact on attainment of health
Principles of PHC
PHC shaped around life pattern should meet the needs of the communities PHC should be integral part of the national health system PHC should be integrated with activities of other community developmentoriented sectors
The local population/beneficiaries should be involved at every stage of its planning, implementation Reliance on community resources PHC should use integrated approach of preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative services for the individual, family and community Decentralisation of health intervention to the most peripheral level possible
Critical Question
What impact did these have in the countries at : National (government) level Health services level Community, family and individual level
Directed to the delegates: Are you ready toAddress the health care gap Promote health as part of overall socioeconomic development Allocate health resources to the social periphery as a priority Mobilize communities to ensure their participation
Halfdan Mahler
Make available the required manpower and technology Introduce the necessary changes in the existing health delivery system Fight the political and technical battles required to overcome obstacles and resistance Make political commitment to adopt PHC to attain the objectives of HFA
Affirmative answers are preconditions for success of HFA through PHC Countries where answers are not in the affirmative (at any stage of PHC implementation) cannot be said to be implementing PHC
Macdonald observed that it was unlikely that the countries which signed the document in 1978 realize the full significance of what they were endorsing It could also be asserted that health workers perhaps did not fully understand the nature of PHC neither did they realise the implications of the terms of the declaration.
PMC/PHC
PMC: addition of simple curative services to some limited population-focused preventive programmes such as immunization of children, routine antenatal care for mothers who care to come to the clinics, inadequately delivered water and sanitation programme, etc.
PHC: It is a re-orientation of all health services towards the health needs of the communities and a rejection of the old model of health care that is disease oriented.
Since 1987 Nigeria ranked 136th out of 162 countries recently assessed by the United Nations using universally accepted Human Development Index (Nigeria Tribune, 31st August 2001).
the need to improve the situation made the country to expressly formulate the 1986 National Health Policy which state inter alia that: The goal of the national health policy shall be a level of health that will enable all Nigerians achieve socially and economically productive lives. It went further to state that the national health policy shall be based on Primary Health care
1. A three tier system of health services with shared responsibilities among each level of government in a decentralized health system. 2. The full participation of the PEOPLE in the planning and implementation of health care services as a matter of duty and right 3. That health care shall be accorded higher priority in the allocation of nations resources
1.A three tier system of health services with shared responsibilities among each level of government in a decentralized health system. 2. The full participation of the PEOPLE in the planning and implementation of health care services as a matter of duty and right 3. That health care shall be accorded higher priority in the allocation of nations resources
PHC in Nigeria
Started in 1987 Introduced focused LGAs (Nigeria approach) Later willing LGAs Then others joined EPI was used as an entry point in most parts of the country.
PHC in Nigeria
Country divided into 4 health zones Several workshops held 3 documents produced at LGA levels Most states decentralised around 1986 Strengthening of SHT in Nigeria Introduction of Community Health workers scheme
A look at these general and specific policy issues would convince one of the level of seriousness with which PHC was contemplated in the country. BUT what is the situation today?.
Health workers are still reluctant Community participation almost non existent = (SH) Decentralised responsibility not decision making process Disparity btw social & economic classes Governments paying lip service
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57 (R 39)
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Characteristics of service
Major Problem
weak management Gap btw policy and actions Exist at all levels but more at LGA
Poor and inconsistent political and administrative will and commitment Low health budget <10% is allocated for health Lack of competent and committed programmers and programme implementers. Lack of appropriate information regarding progress made (Output, Outcome, process rather than Input).
**. Indicators of effectiveness ** efficiency, and ** acceptability
Still on indicators!
Output Coverage Efficiency Efficacy Outcome Effectiveness
Continuing injustice in health care delivery system especially in disfavour of the rural areas. Continuing gap between what is said and what is done. Weak and ineffective DHC System
Political commitment to the goals of health to ensure consistency and continuity of programmes is usually very weak and unpredictable, Policy of the ruling party on health in terms of commitment and strategies to be adopted has been generally nonspecific, unclear and unrealistic,
Improvement in peoples welfare means different things to the policy makers and staff . In many cases achievements are measured in terms of number of projects commissioned and not in terms of improvement in socioeconomic status of the people . Therefore notable achievements which only means physical structures predominates during planning and resource allocation,
Low financial viability of LGAs. Most LGA depend mainly on the funds accruing from the federation account. When this is not forthcoming development projects comes to a standstill no matter how urgent the need to execute them, Politics in the mobilization, allocation and use of facilities/resources and services
Soon after Alma Ata, Politicians & experts from DC wee not comfortable with PHC principles of focusing on people Advocated for a new concept SPHC Disease oriented, using U5
Their arguments
CPHC was Idealistic Expensive and Unachievable- U5s are the real target people
SPHC achievements
took the decision-making power and control central to PHC away from the communities delivered it to foreign consultants with technical expertise in these specific areas. These technical experts often employed by the funding agencies, were subject to the policies of their agencies, not the communities. SPHC reintroduced vertical programs at the cost of comprehensive PHC
Approach to Improving Health Situation- 7th REPORT ON World Health 1987, WHO reaffirmed that:
Political commitment to equity will remain a fundamental pre-requisite to achieving the goal of HFA Leadership to ensure that national policies decisions are aimed at correcting socioeconomic disparities. Not only the health sector but other sectors relevant to health have to contribute to the attainment of the goal
Way Forward
The capacity of health sector to cooperate effectively with economic and other social factors in policy decision must be increased Mobilization of support and commitment from professional groups and individuals and counteracting public apathy and professional ignorance/ resistance
Way Forward
Vigorous management of the health systems and Building a TEAM spirit for Health Effective decentralization REFORM is central.
Organizational structures and management systems This require the understand and cooperation of every part of the system
Management
The primary concern of management is to establish, strengthen and sustain the infrastructure required for effective implementation of strategies based on PHC.
Examine PHC implementation in Nigeria within the concept of health management. If you have an opportunity to lead the health system in an LGA, explain how you would use PHC to bring about the desired improvement in peoples welfare
Reading Assignments
Read materials on Selective PHC. The originators and the political implications of the move Relevance of Health Sector Reforms to PHC implementation Guidelines on Implementing PHC in the LGA Roles of each level of Govt in PHC
Reference materials
The Meaning of HFA by the year 2000 . Halfdan Mahler. World Health Forum 1981. Primary Health Care: Medicine in its Place. Macdonald John. Earthscan Pub. Ltd. London, 1993. Other relevant materials
Thank
you