MORPHOLOGY

Group 5 Tran Duy Khiem Cung Hoang Thanh Tran Quynh Anh Hoang Nguyen Thuy Duong

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Morphology: What is morphology? What is difference among dog, dogs and dog catcher? They are closely related. Morphology is a field of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words.

1.2 Morpheme: A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Prefix: impossible, irresponsible, illegal, Suffix: national, devastation, teacher, Flexion: talks, talker, talked,

1.3 DISTINGUISHING MORPHEME FROM WORD

Words are made up of morphemes. In other words,

morphemes are the elements of words. A word may consist of one morpheme or many.

Ex:
Boy, sister, money: 1 morpheme. Boyish, brotherhood, ability: 2 morphemes. Nationality, Fashionably: 3 morphemes. Undesirability: 4 morphemes.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEME:
Free Morphemes By Form Bound Morphemes Morphemes Bases/ Roots
By Meaning Affixes

2. CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEME:
2.1 By form:

Free morpheme: A free morpheme is a morpheme which can stand by themselves with meaning. Ex: Boy, girl, doctor,
faith, house, fold, face, hygiene

+ Lexical morphemes: main words: ordinary nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, which carry the content of messages we convey. Ex: gift, fun, joy, love, hit, kill, laugh, here, there, fast,
sad,.

+ Functional morphemes: functional words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns. Ex: and, but, yet,
whether, on, at, in, a, an, the, he, she, that, this.

Bound morpheme: A bound morpheme is a morpheme which cannot normally stand alone but have to be attached to other morphemes to form a word. Ex: regain, antivirus,
dictionary, played, audi-ence, careless-ly.

2.2 BY MEANING:
Bases/Roots: A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning. It has its own meaning (lexical meaning) Ex: worker, singer, intervene. Base can be subdivided into: +Free base: the base is a free morpheme. Ex: lovely, powerful, meaning, teaching +Bound base: the base is a bound morpheme. Ex: suicide, alacrity, ambiguous

NOTE:
Bases and Stems: A base is a morpheme with principal
meaning while a stem is the existing word before we add an affix. Ex: Worker: work is the base and also the stem. Workers: work is the base, but worker is the stem. Normal: norm is the base and also stem. Normalize: norm is the base; normal is the stem.

Affixes: An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or after a base Affixes can be subdivided into:

By position: Prefixes are bound morphemes added before the

base. Ex: antisocial, archbishop, interfere, extraordinary Infixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word. In English, there are rare and are most commonly replacements, not additions. They occur in irregular noun plurals or past tense or past participle. Ex: teeth, sang, drank, geese Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base. Ex: singer, facing, normal-ize,

By function: Derivational: affixes added to a base or a stem to

form a new word. Ex: govern (v) government (n) false (adj) falsify (v) meaning (n) meaningless (adj) respect (v) disrespect (v) Inflectional: affixes added to a stem to show grammatical forms of words (grammatical function) Ex: boys, loved, Johns, bigger, biggest

 NOTE:

There are only 8 inflectional morphemes:

Noun: + Plural {-s} Ex: joys, books. + Possessive {-s} Ex: Toms house Verb: + Simple present tense, 3rd person {-s} Ex: he works + Simple past {-ed} Ex: I played + Present participle {-ing} Ex: singing + Past participle {-ed} Ex: talked Adjective/adverb: + Comparative {-er} Ex: taller, cooler, slower + Superlative {-est} Ex: biggest, funniest,.

3. MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

His (Free Base)

fore(Deriv-Prefix) future (Free Base) -s (Infl Suffix)

-tell(Free base)

-ing (Infl-Suffix)

my (Free Base) make (Free Base) nerv (nerve) (Free Base)

me (Free Base)

-ous. (Deriv-Suffix)