Abstract:

Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. Current times are just the beginning for deploying 3G mobile communication systems, while research on the next generation of mobile communications, 4G wireless and mobile networks begin to pave the way for the future. This paper studies the visions of 4G from a technical perspective After a brief review on the development history and status of mobile communications and related 4G perspectives, we present an overall 4G feature framework The 4G technology a recent technology it is suppose to allow data transfer of up to 100Mbps to 1Gbps To provide excellent quality of services to the users of 4G, key technologies will be used along with OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing).Thus the challenge is to present a latest information on the key technologies like MIMO technology, Radio resource management Software Defined Radio (SDR) communication systems , mobile IP and relaying techniques.. Finally, a short summary on 4G visions is presented as a continuum of features in the development of the mobile communications world

CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION EVOLUTION OF THE MOBILE TECHNOLOGY DIFFERENT GENERATIONS SHORT HISTORY OF MOBILE TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGIES REASONS TO HAVE 4G MULTI-TECHNOLOGY APPROACH KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES INTERLAYER OPTIMIZATION HANDOVER AND MOBILITY MULTIMEDIA SERVICE DELIVERY AND ROBUST COVERAGE INTEGRETATION IN A BROADBAND NGN CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

THE TERM 4G INCLUDES SEVERAL TYPES OF BROADBAND,WIRELESS ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS. THE TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE 4G IS MAGICMOBILE MULTIMEDIA, ANYTIME ANYWHERE, GLOBAL MOBILITY SUPPORT, INTEGRATED WIRELESS SOLUTION, AND CUSTOMIZED PERSONAL SERVICE. THE FEATURES OF 4G SYSTEMS MIGHT BE SUMMARIZED WITH ONE WORD INTEGRATION.

EVOLUTION OF THE MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

The first analog cellular systems were based on IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) and developed in 1970. The systems were cellular because coverage areas were split into smaller areas or cells, each of which is served by a low power transmitter and receiver.

DIFFERENT GENERATIONS

FIRST GENERATION (1G) SECOND GENERATION (2G)

THIRD GENERATION (3G)

FOURTH GENERATION (4G)

FIRST GENERATION (1G)

1G analog system for mobile communications saw two key improvements during 1970s: the invention of the microprocessor and the digitization of the control link between the mobile phone and the cell site. An AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was first launched by US which is 1G mobile system It is best on FDMA technology which allows users to make voice calls within one country.

Access technology used

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common analog system With FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned to a channel A full duplex FDMA transmission requires two channels one for transmitting and the other for receiving FDMA has been used for first generation analog systems.

SECOND GENERATION (2G)

2G digital cellular systems were first developed at the end of 1980s These systems digitalized not only the control link but also the voice signal. The new system provided better quality and higher capacity at lower cost to consumers. GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) was first commercially operated digital cellular system which is based on TDMA.

Access technology used

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) improves spectrum capacity by splitting each frequency into time slots TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio frequency channel for the short period of call TDMA is the dominant technology for the second generation mobile cellular networks.

THIRD GENERATION (3G)

3G systems provide faster communication services, including voice, fax and internet, anytime and anywhere with seamless global roaming

3G had opened the way to enabling innovative applications and services (e.g. multimedia entertainment, infotainment and location-based services, among others).
The first 3G network was deployed in Japan in 2001.

Access technology used

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is based on spread spectrum technology CDMA increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all channels at the same time. CDMA allows for a soft hand-off, which means that terminals can communicate with several base stations at the same time.

FOURTH GENERATION (4G)

Fourth generation (4G) mobile communications will have higher data transmission rates than 3G. 4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per second.

SHORT HISTORY OF MOBILE TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGIES

Technology Design began Service

1G 1970 Analog voice, Synchrono us data to 9.6 Kbps.

2G 1980

3G 1990

4G 2000 Higher capacity, completel y IP oriented, multimedi a, data to hundreds of megabits 200 Mbps. CDMA

Digital Higher voice, capacity, short broad band messages data upto 2 Mbps.

Data bandwidth Multiplexing

1.0 Kbps. FDMA

14.4 Kbps. TDMA

2 Mbps. CDMA

REASONS TO HAVE 4G

Support interactive multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless internet, etc. Wider bandwidths, higher rates. Global mobility and service portability. Low cost. Scalability of mobile networks. Personalization. Application adaptability and highly dynamic.

MULTI-TECHNOLOGY APPROACH
THREE PATHS ARE POSSIBLE THE FIRST PATH IS THE 3G-CENTRIC PATH WITH CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) THE SECOND PATH IS THE RADIO LAN ONE. A THIRD PATH IS IEEE 802.16e AND 802.20,WHICH ARE SIMPLER THAN 3G FOR EQUIVALENT PERFORMANCE.

MULTI-TECHNOLOGY APPROACH:

KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES:

OFDMA ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

SDR SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

MIMO MULTIPLE INPUT MULTIPLE OUTPUT

OFDMA

OFDM (ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING) PROVIDES CLEAR ADVANTAGES FOR PHYSICAL LAYER PERFORMANCE AND A FRAME WORK FOR IMPROVING LAYER 2 PERFORMANCE. IT ENSURES ROBUST TRANSMISSIONIN MULTI-PATH ENVIRONMENTS WITH REDUCED RECEIVER COMPLEXITY. IT PROVIDES A FREQUENCY DIVERSITY GAIN,IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL LAYER PERFORMANCE,COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER TECHNOLOGIES LIKE SMART ANTENAS AND MIMO.

OFDMA:

SOFTWARE DEFINED RATIO

TO DEVELOP MULTI-BAND,MULTISTANDARD BASE STATIONS AND TERMINALS. IN 4G SDR WILL BECOME AN ENABLER FOR THE AGREGATION OF MULTISTANDARD PICO/MICRO CELLS. A POWERFUL AID TO PROVIDE MULTI-BAND EQUIPMENT WITH REDUCED DEVELOPMENT EFFORTAND COSTS THROUGH SIMULTANEOUS MULTI-CHANNEL PROCESSING.

MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT

MIMO USES SIGNAL MULTIPLEXING BETWEEN MULTIPLE TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS (SPACE MULTIPLEX) AND TIME OR FREQUENCY. IT IS WELL SUITED TO OFDM, AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO PROCESS INDEPENDENT TIME SYMBOLS AS SOON AS THE OFDM WAVEFORM IS CORRECTLY DESIGNED FOR THE CHANNEL. THIS ASPECT OF OFDM GREATLY SIMPLIFIES PROCESSING. IN PRINCIPLE, MIMO IS MORE EFFICIENT WHEN MANY MULTIPLE PATH SIGNALS ARE RECEIVED. HOWEVER, IT IS GENERALLY ADMITTED THAT THE GAIN IN SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF ANTENNAS IN THE LINK.

MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLEOUTPUT:

INTERLAYER OPTIMIZATION:

HANDOVER AND MOBILITY

Handover technologies based on mobile IP are considered for data and voice. In OFDM the same alternative exits as in CDMA and MIMO. This is not as complex as CDMA. Helpful in situations where spectrum is scarce.

CACHING AND PICO CELLS

In cellular systems, 4G extends the capabilities of MAC scheduler. This method can double the capacity of a classical cellular system. In Pico cell coverage high-data rate service can be delivered even though reception and transmission is interrupted. The advantage of coverage is high spectrum efficiency, high stability (from 50 to 500 bit/s/hz).

MULTIMEDIA SERVICE DELIVERY , SERVICE ADAPTION & ROBUST TRANSMISSION

Audio and video coding is scalable. Video signals can be split into three parts: One base layer(30 kbit/s) :provides availability. two enhancement flows (50 kbits and 200 kbits): provides quality and definition.

COVERAGE

Coverage is achieved by adding new

technologies and progressively enhancing density. Indoor coverage can be obtained by: Direct penetration: low frequency bands. Indoor short range radio : connection to fixed lines and connection via two relay : to a Pico cellular access point.

KEY ENABLERS:

Sufficient spectrum. Coverage with two technologies: parent and Pico cell. Caching technology in network and terminals. OFDM and MIMO. IP mobility. Multi technology distributed architecture. Fixed mobile convergence. Network selection mechanism.

INTEGARATION IN A BROADBAND NGN The focus is now on deploying an architecture realizing convergence between the fixed and mobile networks. The generic architecture integrates all service enablers. It offers a unique interface to application service providers.

CONCLUSION: Projected 4G offer world concept of integration. Data rate to radio and mobile terminals present several challenges. IP media applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users.