ELECTROMAGNETISM

-ECE 323-
ANGELITO A. SILVERIO, EcE
Sir Mickey/ Sir Bangles
09266176704
banglesv@yahoo.com
1. Electrostatics
2. Magnetostatics
3. Electrodynamics
(Steady Electric Currents)
4. Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields
5. Electromagnetic Waves


The Concept of Charges
Coulombs Law
Superposition Principle
Electric Field Intensity and
Electric Flux density due to
charge distributions
Gauss Law
Energy in an electrostatic
field
Effect of electric field on
conductors and dielectrics
Boundary conditions and
boundary value problems
Electrostatic potential
energy and electrostatic
potential
Polarization
Field of a polarized object
Linear dielectrics and
capacitance
Boundary conditions and
boundary value problems
applied to different
capacitance geometries
Special techniques in solving
for electric fields and
potentials: Laplace and
Poisson Equation, Method of
Mirrors
Applications of electrostatic
fields

Magnetic Fields, Field
Intensity and Flux Density
Gausss Law applied to
Magnetic Fields
Lorentz Force Law
Biot-Savarts Law
Amperes Force Law
Magnetic Torque
Magnetic Flux and Gausss
Law for Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Vector Potential
Magnetic Field Intensity
and Amperes Circuital law
Magnetic Scalar Potential
Energy in a magnetic field
Magnetic Materials:
diamagnetism,
parramagnetism and
ferromagnetism
Magnetization
Field of a magnetized
object
Boundary conditions for
magnetic fields
Magnetic circuits
Applications of
magnetostatic fields

- Electrodynamics -
(Steady Electric Currents)

Nature of current and
current density:
conduction current and
convection current
Conductor resistance
Equation of Continuity
Relaxation Time
Joules Law

Boundary conditions for
current density
Analogy between electric
flux density and current
density
Electromotive force

-Time-Varying
Electromagnetic Fields -

Motional electromotive
Force
Faradays Law of Induction
Self and mutual
inductance,
Magnetic energy


Maxwells Equations:
Amperes law, Gauss law
and Faradays law
Applications of time-
varying electromagnetic
fields
-Electromagnetic Waves-

General Wave Equations
Propagation Constant
Plane wave propagation in
perfect dielectrics free
space, partially conducting
medium and perfect
conductors
Skin depth
Interface conditions at
normal and oblique
incidence
Brewsters Angle

Polarization types: parallel,
perpendicular, elliptical and
circular
Power and the Poyntings
Vector
Radiation pressure
Applications of the
electromagnetic waves:
waveguides, resonators,
antennas and transmission
lines
Effects of electromagnetic
waves to health

- REFERENCES -
Guru, B.S. and Hiziroglu, H.R. (2004). Electromagnetic Field
Theory Fundamentals, 2
nd
ed. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Wentworth, S.M., (2005). Fundamentals of
Electromagnetics with Engineering Applications. New
Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hayt Jr., W.H. and Buck J.A. (2005). Engineering
Electromagnetics, 7
th
ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Fleisch, D. A Students Guide to Maxwells Equations
(2008). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A. and Ford, L. (2009). University
Physics with Modern Physics, 12
th
ed. Singapore: Pearson
Education South Asia Pte. Ltd.
Resnick, R., Halliday, D. and Krane, K.S. Physics, 5
th
ed.
(2002). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.


- COURSE POLICIES-
strict compliance
No make-up quiz will be given. If a student missed a quiz the first
time, his score for that quiz will be his lowest quiz taken for the
entire semester. A grade of zero will be given for succeeding
missed quiz/quizzes. Only missed major exams can be given as
special exams.

A grade of Failure due to Absences (FA) will be given to students
who incurred more than 11 hours of absence. The student is
considered late if the elapsed time is 15 minutes or less.
Otherwise he is considered absent. Succeeding 3 lates, is
equivalent to 1 absent.

A student caught cheating in a quiz or in preliminary examination
will be given a score of zero for that quiz or preliminary
examination. Outright failure will be given to a student caught
cheating in the final examinations.

Passing score is 50%. No remedial examination will be given.


- GRADING SYSTEM -
5 QUIZZES (50%)
>> one per unit
2 MAJOR EXAMS (40%)
>> PRELIMS (20%) & FINALS (20%)
CLASS STANDING (10%)
>> RECITATION
Volunteer (3pts)
Valid Question (1pt)
Maximum recitation (50pts adjustable)
>> excess points added to the quiz
~ ELECTROSTATICS ~
1. The Concept of Charges
Ancient Greeks noticed when amber and fur were
rubbed together, they would become
attractive
The Greek work for amber is elektron
Today this attractive property is called electric
In the1750s, Benjamin Franklin studied static
electricity he also denoted the
convention:
positive too little of electrons
negative too much of electrons
1. The Concept of Charges
An atomic viewpoint
nucleus
~10^-15m
~10^-10m
Proton:
Mass: 1.673 x 10 ^-27kg
Charge: 1.6 x 10^-19
Neutron:
Mass: 1.675 x 10 ^-27kg
Electron:
Mass: 9.109 x 10^-31kg
Charge: -1.6x10^-19
The Atom is Electrically
Neutral!
Nucleus
comprises
most of the
mass of the
Atom (99%)
Strong
Nuclear
Force holds
the protons
together
1. The Concept of Charges
What is electric charge?
Property of matter that creates electric
and magnetic forces and interactions.
A property that causes subatomic
particles, protons and electrons, to
attract or repel one another.
like charges repel, opposite charges
attract
Microscopic View of Charge
Electric charges exist within atoms.
Charge is quantized:
The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a natural unit
of charge

The Elementary Particles
(from wikipedia)
1. The Concept of Charges
Principle of Charge Conservation

>> The algebraic sum of all the electric charges in a
closed system is constant.

in any charging process, charge is not created nor
destroyed, it is only transferred from one body to
another.


1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object
a) Charging by Friction (Triboelectric Effect)


If two neutral objects are rubbed together, each can become
charged. For instance, when rubber and wool
are rubbed together, electrons from the atoms
on the wool are transferred to the rubber.
The extra electrons on the rubber result in
a net negative charge. The electrons missing
from the wool result in a net positive charge.
The combined total charge remains the same. All that happens
is that the positive and negative charges are separated through
a transfer of electrons.
For insulators, the transferred charges reside only at the
contact area. They do not spread all through out the medium.
For conductors, the transferred charges spread all through out
the surface of the medium


1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object
b) Charging by Conduction

Charging a neutral body by touching it with a
charged body
Note! The resulting charge of the body is the
same as that of the charged body.
For
CONDUCTORS
only!
1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object
c) Charging by Induction


Charging an object without touching it
Note! The resulting charge of the body is
opposite to that of the charged body.

Neutral
Highly Positive
Attracts electrons from
ground
Transfer of charges
Neutral body becomes negatively charged
1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object
c) Charging by Induction


1. The Concept of Charges
Charge Polarization


Separation of charges by the electrical
alignment of molecules
The electron cloud surrounding the
nucleus can become distorted in
response to a nearby object.
Depending upon the charge of the
object, the electron cloud can be
repelled or attracted towards the
object.
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
+ -
Charge re-
alignment
Electron
cloud
POLAR COVALENT
BONDS
produced by the
unequal sharing of
electrons
Water gets
Deflected!
1. The Concept of Charges
How to determine the type of charge?
~ tHE electroscope ~


2. Coulombs Law
2
12
2 1
12
r
q q k
F
) )( (
=
12
2
12
2 1
12
r
r
q q k
F

) )( (
=

Scalar Form

Vector Form
Charge (q) measured in coulombs (C)
Distance (r) measured in meters
Force (F) in newtons
Electrostatic constant (K) = 9.0 x 10
9
Nm
2
/C
2
(1/4
0
)

One coulomb is the charge of 6.24 x 10
18
electrons or
protons.
The charge on a single electron is 1.60 x 10
19
C.
The magnitude of the charge of an electron is called the
elementary charge.
2 1 12
2 1 12
q to q direction the in vector unit a is r

q on q by exerted force the is F where

Coulombs Apparatus
Similar to:
In 1785, Charles Coulomb
determined the relationship
between force, charge and
distance
2. Coulombs Law
Force acting on one charge due to another charge is
independent on whether or not other charges are present.

We can calculate the forces separately

The net force acting on any charge due to a collection of charges
is the vector sum of these forces
Superposition Principle for a
collection of point charges

q1
q2
q3
23 13 3
F F F
q

+ =
13
F

3 q
F

23
F

2. Coulombs Law
Sample Problems

1. Compare the force of the electric repulsion
between two alpha particles with the force of
gravitational attraction between them. The alpha
particle has a mass of 6.64 x 10
-27
kg and a charge
of +2e. G = 6.67 x 10
-11
N-m
2
/kg
2
.

2. Three equal charges of 200nC are placed in free
space at (0,0,0), (2,0,0) and (0,2,0). Determine
the force acting on a charge of 500nC at (2,2,0).


2. Coulombs Law
Sample Problems

3. Three charged particles lie on a straight line and
are separated by a distance d.





q1 and q2 charges are held fixed. Charge q3
which is free to move is found to be in
equilibrium under the action of the electric
forces. Find q1 in terms of q2.



q1 q2 q3
d d
2. Coulombs Law
Sample Problems

4. Find the force experienced by q1 . Assume q= 2C
and d= 2cm.








q1 = +q q2 = -q
d
d
q3 = +2q q4 = -2q
d
d
2. Coulombs Law
Sample Problem

2
2
262 . 0
a
q
F
o
c
=
5. A cube of edge a carries a point charge q at each
corner. Show that the resultant force on any one
of the charges is:
3. Electric Field
3. Electric Field
A
B
FAB
FBA
A
Eo = Fo/qo
P
qo = +1C
The force that a unit positive test charge (1C)
will experience when placed at that point .
3. Electric Field
Electric Field Lines
An imaginary line or curve drawn through a region of space so
that its tangent at any point is in the direction of the electric field
at that point. This was introduced by Michael Faraday


They are drawn from positive charge to negative charge.
They never cross.
The density of field lines on a diagram is indicative of the
strength of the field.
Neutral point : no field exists (where?)
3. Electric Field
Electric Field of a point charge q
+ -
2
4
1
r
q
q
F
E
o o
tc
= =
Electric Field produced by a collection of charges
+
+
+
+
+

P
i
i o o
i
r
r
q
q
F
E

2
4
1
tc
= =

1
n
i
i p
E E
=
=

r
r
q
q
F
E
o o

2
4
1
tc
= =

3. Electric Field
1. Two point charges of 20nC and -20nC are
situated at (1,0,0) and (0,1,0) in free space.
Determine the electric field intensity at (0,0,1).


2. Three negative point charges
lie along a line as shown. Find the
magnitude and direction of the
electric field this combination
of charges produces at point P.
Sample Problems

P
-5uC
8cm
8cm
-2uC
-5uC
6cm
3. Electric Field
3. Point charges q1 and q2 of +12nC and -12nC,
respectively are placed 0.10m apart (refer to figure).
Compute the electric field caused by q1, the field
caused by q2, and the total field (a) at point a; (b) at
point b; and (c) at point c.


Sample Problem

q1 q1
x
y
4cm 6cm 4cm
(a) (b)
(c)
Electric dipole!
>> each molecule of a neutral
insulator is an electric dipole
13cm
13cm
3. Electric Field
Motion of Charged Particle
in an Electric Field
When a charged particle is placed in an electric field, it
experiences an electrical force
If this is the only force on the particle, it must be the net force
The net force will cause the particle to accelerate according to
Newtons second law.
Coulombs Law
F = qE

Newtons 2
nd
Law
F = ma
ay= - |q/m|E
ax = 0 (constant VX)
3. Electric Field
Motion of Charged Particle
in an Electric Field
What is the final velocity?

VX
VY
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
=
= =
Et
m
q
V V
V V V
V V
Et
m
q
at V
FX F
FY FX F
INITIAL X FX
FY
) (
V
Pythagorean Theorem!
5. A 50v battery is connected to two plates
separated by a distance 1.0cm. The upper plate is
connected to the negative voltage whereas the
lower plate is connected to the positive. If an
electron is released from the upper plate what is
its acceleration? At what speed and kinetic
energy does the electron acquire while traveling
1.0cm to the lower plate? If the electron is
released at the same point but has an initial
velocity 1x10^6m/s parallel to the plates, what is
its kinetic and final velocity?
Sample Problem

3. Electric Field
Note: Electric Field = Voltage/length (V/m)
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
r
r
q
k E

2
d
=

r
r
q
kq F
o

2
d
=

Charges are distributed over a line, surface or

volume.
The net force of those charges can be
obtained by integration
This involves the concept of charge density:
= q/L : linear charge density
= q/A: surface charge density
= q/V: volume charge density



4. Continuous Charge Distributions
The total net charge q is subdivided into
infinitesimally small charges dq.
dq = dx
dq = dA
dq = dV



2
0
| || |
r
q dq
k dF =
2
| |
r
dq
k dE =
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
The net force and the electric field is can be
decomposed into components depending on
symmetry.

dF = dFx + dFy + dFz
dE = dEx + dEy + dEz



4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Line of Charge


4. Continuous Charge Distributions
( ) ( )

yL
q
k 2 E
q q
k 2 F
y
q
k E
y
q q
k F
4
L
y y
q
k E
4
L
y y
q q
k F

z y
dz
ky E
z y
dz
y kq F
0 F 0 F L q
y
0
y
2
y
2
0
y
2
2
y
2
2
0
y
L/2
L/2
3/2
2 2
y
L/2
L/2
3/2
2 2
0 y
z x
= =
= =
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
= = =
} }

yL

When y>>L,
Equation for point charges!
When L>>y,
Infinite Line of Charge!
Due to symmetry
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Line of Charge


1. A very long, straight wire has charge per
unit length of 1.50e-10 C/m. At what distance
from the wire is the electric field equal to
2.50N/C?
2. Find the force on a point charge +q located
a distance c from the end of a rod of length L
with uniformly distributed positive charge Q.
Sample Problem

4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Line of Charge


+ + + + + +
+q
c
3. Obtain an expression for the electric force
exerted on charge q1 (positron)
Sample Problem

4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Line of Charge


+ +
q1
+ + + + + +
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
L
L
L
L
Q
-Q
4. Two 1.20m non-conducting wires meet at a
right angle. One segment carries +2.50uC of
charge distributed uniformly along its length, and
the other charge carries -2.50uC distributed
uniformly along it. (a) Find the magnitude and
direction of the electric field these wires produce
at point P, which is 0.6m from each wire. If an
electron is released at point P, what are the
magnitude and direction of the net force that the
wires exert on it?
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Line of Charge


Sample Problem

+
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Ring of Charge


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 z 3
0
z
2 z 2
0
z
2 z 2
0
z
2
2
z
2
2
0
z
y x
qz
k = E
qz q
k = F
z
q
k = E
z
q q
k = F
+ z
qz
k = E
+ z
qz q
k = F

+ z
Rz
k = E
+ z
Rz q
k = F
0 = F 0 = F L = q
R R
R R
d
R
d
R
2 3
2
2 3
2
0
2
3
2
0
2
3
2

/ /
| |
Due to symmetry
When z>>R,
Equation for point charges!
When R>>z,
Infinite Ring of Charge!
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Ring of Charge


4. A ring shaped conductor with radius r = 2.50cm
has a total positive charge Q = +0.125nC
uniformly distributed around it. The center of the
ring is at the origin. What is the electric field
(magnitude and direction) at point P which is at z
=40cm? A point charge q=-2.50uC is placed at the
same point P. What is the magnitude and
direction of the force exerted by the ring on
charge q, and that of q on the ring.
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Ring of Charge


Sample Problem

5. Obtain an equation for the electric field
(vector) at a point in the z-axis given the
following uniform ring of charge (oriented in
the xy plane). The + and sections have equal
charge densities.
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Ring of Charge


Sample Problem

Z
R
r
6. Obtain an equation for the electric field
(vector) at a point P for the system of charges.
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Ring of Charge


Sample Problem

R
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Disk of Charge (Uniform Sheet of
Charge)



( ) ( )
o o
o o
o o
o o
k2 E 2 kq F
) / ( 1
1
- 1 2 k E
) / ( 1
1
- 1 2 kq F

z
1
-
z
1
z k2 E
z
1
-
z
1
z 2 kq F

) w (z
wdw
z k2 E
) w (z
wdw
z 2 kq F

w z
z
w z
2wdw q
k cos
w z
dq q
k dF
0 F 0 F 2wdw dq w A q
z 0 z
2 2
z
2 2
0 z
2 2
z
2 2
0 z
R
0
2
3
2 2
z
R
0
2
3
2 2
0 z
2 2
2 2
0
2 2
0
z
y x
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
= = = = =
} }
z R z R
R R
When R>>z, Infinite Sheet of Charge!

Due to symmetry
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Disk of Charge


5. A negative charge, -Q, is
uniformly distributed over the
circular sector shown. The sector
is situated in the xy plane whose
center of curvature is located at
the origin. Obtain the x and y
components of the electric field at
the origin.
a
b
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
a
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
b
6. Given the following system of
charges. Find the electric field
at the center. The two sectors
have uniformly distributed
charges +Q and Q respectively
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Disk of Charge


Sample Problem

y
x
y
x
7. A charged sheet with 1 = 100nC/m
2

occupies the z = -3 plane, and a second
charged sheet with 2 = -100nC/m
2
occupies
the z = +3 plane. Find the electric field at (a)
the origin, (b) P(0,0,6), (c) P(0,0,-6).
8. Charge lies in the z=-3 plane in the form of
a square sheet defined by -2x2, -2y2 with
charge density = 2(x
2
+ y
2
+ 9)
3/2
nC/m
2
. Find
E at the origin.
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Uniform Sheet of Charge


Sample Problem

4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Volume Charge





r dV
R
k
= F
r dV
R
k
= E
dV = dQ
r
R
kdQ
= E d

v
2
v
v
2
v
v
2

R
dq
dE
9. Find the total amount of charge contained
within the region bounded by: 2<r<4,
0<</2, -2<z<2. Find also the electric field
on the origin generated by this charged
region.
v
= +100nC/m
3
.
10. Find the electric force experienced by the
positron due to a charged solid sphere with
radius = 0.01m and = 100uC/m
3
. The
positron is 100m away from the sphere.

4. Continuous Charge Distributions
Volume Charges


Sample Problem

4. Gauss Law
Karl Friedrich Gauss
1777 1855
Made contributions in
Electromagnetism
Number theory
Statistics
Non-Euclidean
geometry
Cometary orbital
mechanics
A founder of the
German Magnetic
Union
Oh no daddy,
you are so
wrong!
It has been said that at the
age of 13 Gauss corrected his
father's computations.
TRIVIA
One of the problems Gauss math teacher gave the
class was "add all the whole numbers from 1 to
100". His teacher Master Bttner was amazed that
Gauss could add all the whole numbers 1 to 100 in
his head. Master Bttner didnt believe Gauss could
do it, so he made him show the class how he did it.
Gauss showed Master Bttner how to do it and
Master Bttner was amazed at what Gauss just did.
The system of how he did it is add 1+100, 2+99,
3+9849+52 and he had 50 pairs of 101 and he
multiplied 101x50 to get 5050, which is the answer.

A. Electric Flux ()
a measure of the number of
field lines which pass
through a surface.
the electric field times the
component of the area
perpendicular to the field.


Preliminary Concepts
3. Gauss Law
+
Gaussian Surface
an imaginary surface
area A
D

constant) c (dielectri ty permittivi relative = , =

medium the of ty permittivi the is , E = D
outward. directed and area the
to normal vector unit a is n A, n = A
: where
r o r

A D =

Electric Flux
Density Vector
Area Vector
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

1.Calculate the flux of the
electric field E, through
the surface A, in each of
the three cases shown:
(assume free space)
a) u =
b) u =
c) u =

3. Gauss Law
If the surface is curved, or the field varies
with position.
u
A
A d D
s

=

A n

A d d =

d
D

3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

2. What is the flux of the electric field
through this closed surface?


3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

3. What is the electric flux through a spherical shell
with a point charge at the center?




3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

4. What is the electric flux through each of the
6 faces of the cube?




j 3 + i x 4 = D

Some more concepts

3. Gauss Law
The flux is positive for field lines
that leave the enclosed volume

The flux is negative for field lines
that enter the enclosed volume

If a charge is outside a closed surface,
the net flux is zero. As many lines
leave the surface, as lines enter it.

3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

5. For which of these closed surfaces (a, b, c, d)
the flux of the electric field, produced by the
charge +2q, is zero?




Gaussian Surfaces
Finally, the statement of Gauss Law:






3. Gauss Law
enclosed
Q =

s
A d D

The total flux within
a closed surface
is proportional to
the enclosed charge.
= ro
= permittivity
r = relative permittivity
(dielectric constant)
o = permittivity of free
space
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

6. Calculate the electric flux u for each of the
closed surfaces a, b, c, and d




Surface a, u
a
=
Surface b, u
b
=
Surface c, u
c
=
Surface d, u
d
=
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

7.Find the electric field of an infinite sheet of
charge. (Note: is surface charge density)





3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

8. Obtain an equation for the electric field of a
uniformly charged solid sphere (of total charge
Q)of radius R at r<R and r>R.





R
E
E
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

8. Solution





3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

9. Find the electric field inside and outside at a
distance x from the center of an infinite plane of
thickness s and uniform volume charge density v.






R
s
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

9. Solution






R
E
x
s/2
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

9. Charge Q is uniformly distributed in a spherical shell
with inside and outside radii of a and b, respectively.
Find the E respectively for the following distances:
A) x<a B) a<x<b C) x>b





a
b
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

10 Consider a long cylindrical charge distribution
of radius R, with charge density = a b r
(with a and b positive).

Calculate the electric field for:
a) r < R
b) r = R
c) r > R





R

-
3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

11. A uniform line charge of = 3C/m lies along the z axis, and a
concentric circular cylinder of radius 2m has = (-1.5/4)
C/m
2
. Both distributions are infinite with respect to z. Use
Gauss Law to find the electric field in all regions.


12. The infinite annular volume between r=2 and r =3 (cylindrical
coordinates) contains a uniform volume charge density v.
Determine the corresponding E field at all points.


3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

13. A circular disk of radius 4m with a charge density = 12sin
C/m^2 is enclosed by surface S. What net flux crosses S?

14. The flux density within the cylindrical volume bounded by r =
2m, z= 0 and z= 5m is given by What is the
total outward flux crossing the surface of the cylinder?

15. In spherical coordinates, the region 4m, /4 contains a
charge distribution v = 5. Determine the total outward flux
through the boundary of the region (the lateral surface of a
cone plus a spherical cap).
Differential Form of Gauss Law
= D

If the charges are distributed over a volume with

charge density , then

1
V
dV E
c
= A d =
s

u
And by Divergence theorem
c / = E

or
Differential Form of Gauss Law
Sample Problem

1. Find the divergence of

Find also the corresponding charge density v . Note
that is not equal to v, as the former pertain to the
magnitude of the radius vector in spherical coordinates

2. If the electric field is given by

Determine the volume charge density v at point (2,3,4)

3. Find the charge density v in the two regions r 2,

where and for r >2, where


o
E
c

=

0
2

c
j y i x
E
+
=

Differential Form of Gauss Law

Sample Problem

4. A charge distribution produces the field


Determine the charge density v at (2,,0).

5. Obtain the charge density v for an electric flux density
given by:


6. Obtain the charge density v for an electric flux density
given by: