Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections

Center for Infectious Disease Preparedness University of California, Berkeley Spring 2005, Tuesdays 10:30am-12pm

Instructors
Ben Sun, DVM, MPVM bsun@dhs.ca.gov Gundula Dunne, DVM, MPVM gdunne@dhs.ca.gov Guest Lectures
Jason Stull, DVM, MPVM Anne Kjemtrup, DVM, MPVM
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Goals
Importance of Zoonoses in Public Health Ecology and Natural History Prevention and Control
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Organization
8 Weeks Presentation Lecture Questions Disease Coverage
Multiple per lecture Examples Focus on animal aspects
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See references for additional reading

Requirements
Weekly reading Case Report
Paper Oral Presentation

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Oral Presentation
Given at beginning of class Relevant to the lecture 10-15 minutes Identify disease Background Case Investigation Discuss Zoonotic Aspects Confidentiality (remove identifiers) Limited number of spaces
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Paper
DUE MARCH 1 Any zoonotic disease Double spaces, font size 12 No more than 5 pages Background Case Investigation Discuss Zoonotic Aspects Need a topic? Ask us
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Class Schedule
Week 1 Zoonosis Intro & TSE Week 2 Rabies Week 3 Classic Zoonoses Week 4 Bioterrorism Week 5 Vector-borne Diseases Week 6 Parasitic Zoonoses Week 7 Emerging Zoonoses Week 8 Foodborne Illnesses
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Epidemiology and Control of Zoonotic Infections

Lecture 1

January 18, 2005

Part I: Introduction to Zoonoses Part II: Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

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Intro to Zoonoses
Definition Importance Etiologies Animal Examples Transmission Routes Life Cycles
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Zoonoses
From the Greek: Zoon: Animal Noson: Disease Diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans - WHO 1959
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Zoonoses
Does NOT include
Fish and reptile toxins Allergies to vertebrates Diseases in which animal-derived food serves as a vehicle (e.g. hepatitis A contaminated deli meat) Experimentally transmitted diseases

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Zoonoses
> 250 zoonotic diseases 60% of US Household have 1 pet Multiple pets in the home Human-animal bond Exotic species as pets
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Zoonoses: Common Diseases

Frequency (CDC, 2003)
Salmonella Lyme disease West Nile (CNS) Trichinosis 39,919 18,991 2,862 4
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Zoonoses
Spectrum of Disease Severity
Death = rabies Severe illness = plague Chronic illness = Q-fever Mild illness = psittacosis

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Zoonoses: Importance
Economics
Zoonotic disease are expensive
Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis GI illness due to Salmonella or Campylobacter lost productivity, medical costs

Import/Export
BSE restriction on cattle Avian Influenza restriction on chicken

Travel/Globalization
Decreased transit time - SARS Remote area accessibility
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Zoonoses: Importance
Surveillance
Animals are sentinels

Prevention and Control

Animal = key component Complications (e.g. Lyme disease) Unknown reservoirs (e.g. Ebola)

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Zoonoses: Etiologic Classification

Viral Bacterial Parasitic Mycotic
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Zoonoses: Viral Examples

Colorado tick fever Ebola Equine encephalitides (WEE, EEE, VEE) Hantaviruses Hendra* Herpesvirus B Influenza
* indicates covered in lectures

Japanese encephalitis Monkeypox* Nipah* Rabies* Rift Valley fever West Nile virus* Yellow fever
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Zoonoses: Bacterial Examples

Anthrax* Brucellosis* Campylobacteriosis* Cat-scratch disease* Leptospirosis* Listeriosis* Lyme disease*
* indicates covered in lectures

Plague* Psittacosis* Q fever* Relapsing fevers Salmonellosis* Tularemia* Yersiniosis

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Zoonoses: Parasitic Examples

PROTOZOAL Trypanosomiasis Babesiosis Cryptosporidiosis* Leishmaniasis Giardiasis* Toxoplasmosis*
* indicates covered in lectures

HELMINTHIC Baylisascariasis* Cysticercosis Hydatidosis Schistosome dermatitis Trichinosis* Visceral larva migrans and toxocariasis*
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Zoonoses: Mycotic Examples

Aspergillosis Blastomycosis Cryptococcosis* Dermatophytosis* Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis
* indicates covered in lectures
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Zoonoses: Animal Species

Dogs & Cats
Rabies Roundworm Ringworm Lyme Disease (dogs only) Cat Scratch Disease (cats only)

Food Animals
Salmonella E.coli Brucellosis

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Zoonoses: Animal Species

Birds:
Psittacosis West Nile Cryptococcus

Reptiles, Fish, & Amphibians

Salmonella Mycobacterium

Wild Animals
Hantavirus Plague Tularemia

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Routes of Transmission
Direct
Droplet or Aerosol Oral Contact

Indirect
Foodborne Water-borne Fomite Vector-borne Environmental
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Zoonoses - Life Cycle

ORTHOZOONOSES
May be perpetuated in nature by a single vertebrate species E.g. rabies, brucellosis, anthrax

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Zoonosis: Rabies Life Cycle

Virus inoculation (bite)

Salivary gland excretion

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Zoonoses - Maintenance Cycle

CYCLOZOONOSES
Requires more than one vertebrate species but no invertebrate host Most are cestodiases (tapeworm diseases)
Taenia saginata and T. solium require man to be one of vertebrate hosts Others, such as hydatidosis, man is accidentally involved
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Life Cycle:

Zoonoses - Life Cycle

METAZOONOSES
Require both vertebrates and invertebrates to complete transmission All arboviral infections
West Nile virus, Saint Louis encephalitis

Some bacterial diseases

Plague, many rickettsia

Some parasitic diseases

Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis
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Zoonoses: Metazoonoses
Invertebrate Host: Mosquitoes Vertebrate Host: Birds Incidental Hosts:
HUMANS, horses, amphibians, other mammals

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Risk Factors
Companion Animal
Dogs & roundworm Rats & Rat Bite Fever

Occupational
Animal control workers & rabies Wildlife biologists & hantavirus

Foodborne
Raw meat & E.coli Unpasteurized dairy & Listeria
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Risk Factors
Recreational Activities
Camping & Lyme disease

Farm Settings
Sheep & Q-fever Cattle & Cryptosporidium

Travel
Maylasia & Nipha Australia & Hendra
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Reportable Diseases of Animals

By veterinarian or other individual Reported to CA Department of Health Services
Plague Rabies

Reportable to the CA Department of Food and Agriculture

Anthrax Brucellosis Glanders Listeriosis Rabies in livestock Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis West Nile And more
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Zoonosis: Take Home Points

Transmitted between animals and humans Zoonoses are common Animals part of everyday life Recognize the risk factors
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Acknowledgements
Dr. Bruno Chomel Dr. Ben Sun

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