DENTINOGENESIS

Oral Histology Dent 206

Dentinogenesis

Starts after tooth germ has reached the bell stage Starts at the cusp tips Enamel organ is fully formed Internal Enamel Epithelium Dental papilla becomes the dental pulp Continues throughout life Doesnt involve maturation

Odontoblast Differentiation
Neural crest cells

Ectomesenchyme of the dental papilla

Odontoblasts

Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction

Contact with oral (enamel) epithelium is essential for odontoblastic differentiation Interaction with dentine is also essential for enamel matrix deposition Basement membrane of IEE seems to be important for odontoblastic differentiation as it undergoes time-limited changes Growth factors; TGF, IGF and BMP have been found in IEE

Cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts

Differentiated cells found at periphery of dental papilla Upon division, the daughter cells in contact with basement membrane become pre-odontoblasts Pre-odontoblasts become odontoblasts Differentiation starts at the cusp/incisal tips

Cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts

Cells hypertrophy and nuclei located basally Golgi complex becomes pronounced above the nucleus RER increases in size and flattens parallel to long axis of the cell Mitochondria Redistribution of intracellular skeleton

Cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts

Small cell processes extend toward basement membrane of IEE Number of processes is reduced and one dominates Tight, gap junctions and desmosomes occur between odontoblasts, also linking with subodontoblastic cells

Deposition of dentine matrix

Once fully differentiated, organic matrix is deposited Components

Collagen (I,V,VI, III?) Phosphoproteins Proteoglycans Glycoproteins/sialoproteins Lipids, Serum-derived proteins and GFs Collagen I Dentine phosphoproteins (DPP)

Major components

Has a role in mineralisation

Dentine Collagen

Similar to collagen of bone & tendon Mainly composed of

Banded at 640-700 Protein fibrils of

glycine 33% alanine 15% proline 13%

Welded together into bundles (fibers) Act as matrix (framework) for calcification

varying length up to 700 indeterminate thickness

Deposition of dentine matrix

Dentine

Mantle

Different structure and composition Collagen lie at right angle to future DEJ

Circumpulpal

Deposition in a regular incremental pattern Collagen I released from cell body Dentine phosphophoryn released from process a short distance from cell body

Has a role in mineralisation Bypassing some of predentine

**Korffs fibers

Immature collagen fibers Korffs fibers exist throughout dentine

Korffs fibers

Deposition of dentine matrix

Predentine

Matrix deposition precedes mineralisation Short-term rhythm diurnal (4 m / day) Long term rhythm Reduced by systemic disturbances

Birth Illness Injuries to pulpal nerves

Increased by

Mineralisation in circumpulpal dentine

Serum Ca+2 is taken up by odontoblasts and accumulates in the distal body and process Under the control of DPP, Ca+2 deposited onto a template formed by Collagen I fibrils to build up as crystalline mineral DPP is absent in dentinogenesis imperfecta

Role of matrix proteins in mineralisation

DPP

Transport of ions to mineralisation front Location of nucleation to specific regions of collagen fibril surface Stabilisation of the formed crystal
Osteonectin Osteopontin Bone sialoprotein Proteoglycan chondroitin sulphates 4 and 6

Other proteins may have a role

Matrix vesicle mineralisation

Limited to mantle dentine Occurs in addition to or in place of DPP-mediated nucleation on collagen fibrils Cell budding fragmentation to form matrix vesicles occurs in what will become mantle dentine Formation of membrane-bound organelles (30-200 nm) Leads to concentration of phosphate ions and thus development of mineral crystals within the vesicles Crystals initiate mineralisation Similar mineralisation occurs after the development of a nidus of cell debris Mineralisation front can be irregular (spheres / calcospherites) and/or linear Failure of calcospherites to fuse interglobular dentine often in peripheral dentine

Calcospherites

Collagen & Hydroxyapatite

Micro-crystals 2800 long 20 - 180 thick

Formation of root dentine

Except peripherally, root dentinogenesis is similar to coronal First collagen is not deposited immediately against the basal lamina Root sheath epithelium fills the space with an amorphous ground substance and a fine fibrillar non-collagenous matrix 10m hyaline layer is formed Initial collagen fibers are deposited parallel to CDJ compared with the mantle dentine fibers perpendicular to DEJ Granular layer of Tomes

Calcospherites are smaller and interglobular areas more numerous than those of coronal dentine Slower rate of formation than in coronal dentine

Radicular odontoblasts develop several fine branches (umbrella fashion) And/or because of unmineralised interglobular areas

Formation of peritubular dentine

Small crystal in an amorphous matrix Product of odontoblast and plasma proteins that have diffused along the cell membrane Tubular occlusion

Age related (esp. near root apices) forensic application Caries reprecipitation of minerals

Formation of secondary dentine

Decrease of pulp volume leads to decrease in odontoblast population Change in the direction of tubules (contour line of Owen)

Formation of tertiary dentine

Severe stimuli leads to pulp necrosis Less severe stimuli induce the production of tertiary dentine Formed by odontoblast newly differentiated from the pulpal mesenchyme after original cells have died The new odontoblasts dont form phosphophoryn