Centre for Computer Technology

ICT114 Mathematics for Computing

Week 7

Linear System of Equations

Objectives
Determinant

of a Matrix Inverse of a Matrix Inverse of a Matrix using Gauss Jordan Method Solution of Equations using Gauss Elimination Method Summary
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Determinant of a Matrix
Determinants

are mathematical objects that are very useful in the analysis and solution of System of Linear Equations Only square matrices (no. of rows = no. of columns) have determinants. The determinant of a (square) matrix is a scalar.
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Determinant of a Matrix
For a 2 X 2 matrix A with elements

the determinant of the matrix is

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Determinant of a Matrix
For a 3 X 3 matrix (shown below) the determinant of the matrix is

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Determinant of a Matrix
For a k X k matrix, A (expanded by minors) the determinant of the matrix is

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Some Properties
det(I)

= 1 for any identity matrix I. det(AB) = det(A) det(B) det(AT ) = det(A) If the determinant of a matrix is 0, it is said to be singular. If the determinant is 1, the matrix is said to be unimodular.
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Inverse of a Matrix
The inverse of a square matrix A , is a matrix A-1 such that

where I is the identity matrix A square matrix A has an inverse only if it is nonsingular i.e. det IAI 0.
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Inverse of a Matrix
For a 2 X 2 matrix, A with elements the determinant of the matrix is

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Inverse of a Matrix
For a 3 X 3 matrix A, the inverse is given by

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Gauss Jordan Method

One

more method to find the Inverse of a matrix is by using the Gauss Jordan method. For a n X n square matrix A, we consider the matrix

where I is the identity matrix

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Gauss Jordan Method

A series of row operations are performed to obtain the matrix in the form

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Gauss Jordan Method

The Matrix B is the inverse of A

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Example Gauss Jordan Method

To find the Inverse of the matrix A

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matrix A, augmented by the 3x3 identity matrix. The first pivot encircled in red Next pivot on "3" in the (2,2) position below, encircled in red

row operations required for the first pivoting

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the result of performing the previous operation , so the pivot (2,2 position) is now "1"

row operations required for the second pivoting

The result of the second pivoting is below. We now pivot on the element in the (3,3) position, encircled in red below

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the result of performing the previous operation, so the pivot (3,3 position) is now "1" row operations required for the third pivoting The result of the third (and last) pivoting is below

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Therefore the inverse of the matrix A-1 is

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Question
Find the inverse of the matrix 2 -1 0 -1 2 -1 0 -1 2

A=

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The inverse of the matrix is A-1 0.7500 0.5000 0.2500 0.5000 1.0000 0.5000 0.2500 0.5000 0.7500

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Solution of Equations
Suppose, we have to solve the equations: 2x +3y = 7 .. (1) 3 x + 4 y = 10 .. (2) By (1) * 3 .. 6 x + 9 y = 21 and (2) * 2 .. 6 x + 8 y = 20 By subtraction, y= 1 On substitution value of y in (1), x=2
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Solution of Equations
Another method to solve the equations: 2x +3y = 7 .. (1) 3 x + 4 y = 10 .. (2) Divide (1) by 2 .. 1 x + 1.5 y = 3.5 Multiply (3) by 3 and subtract from (2) 0 x - 0.5 y = - 0.5 . (3) . (4)

Divide (4) by 0.5 0 x + 1 y = 1 . (6) Multiply ((6) by 1.5 and subtract from (3) 1x +0 y=2 . (5) Hence, x=2 and y =1

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Linear System of Equations

Consider the system of equations a11x1+a12x2+a13x3 = b1 a21x1+a22x2+a23x3 = b2 a31x1+a32x2+a33x3 = b3 The above can be represented in the form of a matrix Ax = b
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Linear System of Equations

Ax=b a11 a21 a31 a12 a22 a32 a13 a23 a33 x1 b1 x2 = b2 x3 b3

The solution of the above system of equations is x = A-1b

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Gauss Elimination Method

For a system of equations with k variables the matrix will be of the form

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Gauss Elimination Method

The Augmented Matrix is of the form

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Gauss Elimination Method

A series of elementary row operations are performed on the augmented matrix to obtain a matrix in the form

Solve the equation of the kth row for xk, then substitute back into the equation of the (k-1)st row to obtain a solution for xk-1, etc.
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Gauss Elimination Method

If a series of elementary row operations are continued on the augmented matrix to obtain a matrix in the form 1 0 0 0 0..0 b1 0 1 0 0 0..0 b2 0 0 1 0 0..0 b3 . 0 0 0 0 0..1 bk b1 is the solution for x1, b2 for x2, bk for xk
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Solution of Equations
Find the solution to the following set of equations x + y + 2z = 8 -1x - 2y + 3z = 1 3x - 7y + 4z = 10

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Therefore the solution to the set of equations is x = 3, y = 1, z = 2

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Question
Find the solution to the system of equations using gauss elimination method -3x + 2y - 1z = -1 6x 6y + 7z = -7 3x 4y + 4z = -6

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The solution of the system of equations is x = 2, y = 2, z = -1

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Summary

For the above matrix, perform a series of row operations to obtain the matrix in the form The matrix B is the inverse of the matrix
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Summary
A

x=b a11 a12 a13 x1 b1 a21 a22 a23 x2 a31 a32 a33 x3 = b2 b3

The solution of the above system of equations is x = A-1b

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References
Gerald

W. Recktenwald, Numerical Methods with MATLAB, Implementation and Application, Prentice Hall Solving Linear Systems of Equations, Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University, Mechanical Engineering Department, gerry@me.pdx.edu http://mathworld.wolfram.com
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