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CHAPTER 14
INFORMATION SYSTMES
DEVELOPMENT
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
Learning Objectives
Discuss the concept of a systems development life cycle
(SDLC)
Describe the information systems planning process
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the
traditional development, prototyping, rapid application
development, object-oriented development, and end-user
development life cycles
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of CASE tools
Evaluate the alternatives to in-house systems
development
Discuss the key features of Internet and intranet
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
Chapter Overview
Information Systems The Traditional SDLC Alternative Methods for
Planning Systems Development
• The IS Strategic Plan • System Investigation • Prototyping
• The IS Operational • Systems Analysis • Join Application Design (JAD)
• Systems Design • Rapid Application
Plan • Programming Development (RAD)
• Testing • Integrated Computer-Assisted
• Implementation Software Engineering (ICASE)
• Operation and Tools
Maintenance • Object-Oriented Development
Case (continued…)
What have we learned from this case??
Information system’s timely and careful
development is a very high priority
Many firms no longer attempt a major
systems development by themselves
System development is a team effort that often
includes end users, top management, IS
professional, vendors, consultants, and
whatever other specialized expertise is
necessary
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
IS Strategic Plan
IS Operational Plan
IS Development Projects
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
IS Planning (continued …)
The IS Strategic Plan
Objectives
it must be aligned with the organization’s strategic plan
it must provide for an IT architecture that enables
users, applications, and databases to be seamlessly
networked and integrated
it must efficiently allocate IS development resources
among competing projects, so the projects can be
completed on time, within budget, and have required
the functionality
Issues : efficiency; effectiveness; competitiveness
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
IS Planning (continued …)
The IS Operational Plan
Mission : the mission of the IS function
IS environment : the summary of the information needs
of the functional areas and of the organization as a whole
Objectives of the IS function : the IS function’s current
best estimate of its goals
Constraints on the IS function : technological, financial,
and personnel limitations on the IS function
Long-term systems need : a summary of the processes
needed by a company and the IS projects selected to
support them and reach organizational goals
Short-range plan : an inventory of current projects, and
a detailed plan of projects to be developed or continued
during the current year
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
(1) Systems Investigation An eight-stage systems
(2) Systems Analysis development life cycle
(3) Systems Design (SDLC)
(4) Programming
(5) Testing
(6) Implementation
(7) Operation
(8) Maintenance
SDLC (continued …)
Systems Investigation (Step 1)
Feasibility Study determines the probability of
success of proposed system’s development project
and assesses the project’s
technical feasibility : determines if the hardware,
software, and communication components can be
developed or acquired to solve the business problem
economic feasibility : determines if the project is an
acceptable financial risk and if the organization can
afford the expense and time needed to complete the
project
behavioral feasibility : addresses the human issues of the
project
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
Systems Analysis (Step 2)
the examination of the business problem
that the organization plans to solve with
information systems
produces the following information
strengths and weaknesses of the
existing system
functions that the new systems must
have to solve the business problem
user information requirements for the
new systems
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
Systems Design (Step 3)
describes how the system will accomplish the task
technical design
system outputs, inputs, and user interfaces
hardware, software, databases, telecommunications,
personnel, and procedures
how these components are integrated
local systems design : what the system will do
Physical systems design : how the system will
perform its functions
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
Programming (Step 4)
the translation of the design specifications
into computer code
structured programming techniques :
improve the logical flow of the program by
decomposing the computer code into
modules, which are sections of code
sequence structure
decision structure
loop structure
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
Testing (Step 5)
checks to see if the computer code will
produce the expected and desired results
under certain conditions
syntax errors : misspelled word or a
misplaced comma
logic errors : permit the program to run,
but result in incorrect output
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
Implementation (Step 6)
the process of converting from the old system to the
new system
four major conversion strategies
parallel conversion : the old and new systems
operate simultaneously for a period of time
direct conversion : the old system is cut off and the
new systems is turned on at a certain point in time
pilot conversion : introduces the new system in one
part of the organization
phased conversion : introduces components of the
new systems in stages
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
SDLC (continued …)
Operation (Step 7)
the new systems will operate for a period
of time, until it no longer meets its
objectives
Maintenance (Step 8)
debugging the program
updating the system to accommodate
changes in business conditions
add new functionality to the system
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
Prototyping
Prototyping obtain only a general idea of user
requirements
Advantages:
speeds up the development approach
gives the users the opportunity to clarify their
information requirements
useful in the development of decision support
systems and executive information systems
Disadvantages:
replaces the systematic analysis and design stages of
the SDLC - quality may be sacrificed
can result in an excess of iterations
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
Object-Oriented Development
Object-Oriented Development based on a fundamentally
different view of computer systems than that found in traditional
SDLC development approaches
Advantages:
reduces the complexity of systems development and leads to systems
that are easier and quicker to build an maintain
improves programmers’ productivity and quality
more flexible
allows systems analysts to think the real-world systems
ideal for developing Web applications
depicts the various elements of an information systems in user
standing of what the new system does and how it meets its objectives
Disadvantages
runs more slowly
needs to retain the programmers
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
Systems Development outside
the IS Department
End-User Development
users will continue to do more ad hoc programming
Types of end-user computing:
non programming end users : enter data, use
applications
command-level users : access data, print reports
end-user programmers : develop applications for
personal use
functional support personnel : develop applications
for others to use
end-user computing support personnel : training,
hotline, help users develop applications
programmers : develop complex applications
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development
Systems Development outside
the IS Department (continues …)
End-User Development (CONT’)
Factors that drive the trends toward increased
end-user computing and end-user development
increasingly powerful desktop hardware
declining hardware costs
increase diverse software capabilities
increasingly computer literate population
backlog of IS projects
development speed business orientation
small applications control
Apparent cost savings User friendly software
Introduction to Information Technology
Turban, Rainer and Potter
Chapter 14 Information systems development