Effective communications are essential to organizational success

Define the terms communications and telecommunications and describe the components of a telecommunications system

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 An unmistakable trend of communications technology is that more people are able to send and receive all forms of information over greater distances at a faster rate

Identify broad categories of communications media and discuss the basic characteristics of specific media types Describe how a modem works Explain the types of telecommunications carriers today and the services they provide

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 Identify the benefits associated with a telecommunications network Define the term network topology and identify five alternatives Discuss the different communications protocols and devices used for telecommunications Name three distributed processing alternatives and discuss their basic features List some telecommunications applications that organizations are benefiting from today

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An Overview Of Communications Systems

Communications: the transmission of a signal by way of a medium from a sender to a receiver
Signal contains a message composed of data and information In telecommunications, sender transmits a signal through a transmission medium such as a cable

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Communications

Sender
Telecommunication

Signal

Receiver

The electronic transmission of signals for communications, such as telephone, radio and television

Data communications
a subset of telecommunications involving computerized data, but not voice communications.

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Figure 6.2: Communications and Telecommunications

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An Overview Of Communications Systems (continued)

Communications can be synchronous or asynchronous
Synchronous communications: the receiver gets the message instantaneously

Asynchronous communications: the receiver gets the message some period of time after it is sent

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Telecommunications
Telecommunications: electronic transmission of signals for communications, via telephone, radio, television, etc. Data communications: subset of telecommunications that refers to the electronic collection, processing, and distribution of data, typically between computer system hardware devices Telecommunications medium: anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device

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Figure 6.3: Elements of a Telecommunications System

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Communications Channels: Basic Communications Channel Characteristics

Communication channels can be classified as simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex
Simplex channel: can transmit data in only one direction Half-duplex channel: can transmit data in either direction, but not simultaneously Full-duplex channel: permits data transmission in both directions at the same time

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Channel Bandwidth and InformationCarrying Capacity

Bandwidth: the range of frequencies that an electronic signal occupies on a given transmission medium
Shannons fundamental law of information theory: states that the information-carrying capacity of a channel is directly proportional to its bandwidth Broadband: telecommunications in which a wide band of frequencies is available to transmit information

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Communication Media and Channels

Anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device

Cable Media (wired)

Twisted-pair wire Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable

Broadcast Media (wireless)

Microwave transmission Satellite transmission Cellular radio Infrared

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Types of Media
Guided transmission media: communications signals are guided along a solid medium Wireless media: communications signals are sent over airwaves

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Table 6.1: Transmission Media Types

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Table 6.1: Transmission Media Types (continued)

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Types of Media
Twisted-Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable Microwave Transmission

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Communication Processors
Hardware devices utilized in data transmission and reception

Modem Multiplexer Front-end processor

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Telecommunication Signals
Analog signals
Continuous waves Information conveyed by changing wave characteristics (amplitude and frequency)

Digital signals
Discrete pulses Information conveyed in binary form (on or off pulses) Easily understood by computer

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Modems
A typical telephone line can only accommodate an analog signal (a continuous, curving signal) A computer generates a digital signal representing bits Modem: a device that translates data from digital to analog and analog to digital Modulation: translating digital data to analog Demodulation: analog data to digital

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Figure 6.8: How a Modem Works

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Other Devices
Multiplexers: devices that allow several telecommunications signals to be transmitted over a single communications medium at the same time Combine signals from several computers

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Figure 6.9: Use of a Multiplexer to Consolidate Data Communications onto a Single Communications Link

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Front-End Processors
Front-end processors: special-purpose computers that manage communications to and from a computer system Connect a midrange or mainframe computer to hundreds or thousands of communications lines This relieves the main computer of work so that it can be free to process other tasks. Front end processors are usually mainframes or midrange computers.

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Figure 6.10: Front-End Processor

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Switched and Dedicated Lines

Switched line: a communications line (standard phone line) that uses switching equipment to allow one transmission device to be connected to other transmission devices Dedicated line: a communications line that provides a constant connection between two points; also called a leased line

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Voice and Data Convergence

Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP): the basic transport of voice in the form of a data packet using the Internet protocol IP telephony is the technology for transmitting voice communications over a network using an open standardsbased Internet protocol Voice and data convergence: the integration of voice and data applications in a common environment

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ISDN
Integrated services digital network (ISDN): a set of standards for integrating voice and data communications onto a single line via digital transmission over copper wire or other media high speed data transmission over existing phone lines ISDN requires special adapters at both ends of the transmission line
Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) - high speed digital transmission over existing phone lines
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Digital subscriber line (DSL): a telecommunications technology that delivers high-bandwidth information to homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone wires. Provides a transmission rate of about 128 Kbps from the subscriber to the central office Can carry both data and voice signals

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 Symmetric DSL(SDSL)
Cannot use internet and phone at the same time

Dedicated line from subscriber to telephone network

Same Download and Upload speed.

Asymmetric DSL(ADSL)
Always on internet access Dedicated line from subscriber to telephone network Download speed 3-4 times faster than upload speed

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Terminal-to-Host, File Server, and Client/Server Systems

Classifications based on how computers on the network connect and interoperate
Terminal-to-host: application and database reside on one host computer, and the user interacts with application and data using a dumb terminal File server: the application and database reside on one host computer (file server) Client/server: multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions such as database management, printing, communications, and program execution

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Figure 6.18: Client/Server Connection

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Client/server LAN
A network in which one or more computers act as a server and the other computers on the network can request services from the server

client

client

client

laser printer
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server
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Network Switching Devices (continued)

Router: a device or software in a computer that determines the next network point to which a data packet should be forwarded toward its destination Hub: a place of convergence where data arrives from one or more directions and is forwarded out in one or more other directions Gateway: a network point that acts as an entrance to another network

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Telecommunications Applications
Linking personal computers to mainframes and networks

Voice mail
Electronic software distribution Electronic document distribution

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Telecommunications Applications (continued)

Call centers- ACD (Automatic Call Distributor)
Telecommuting- virtual worker (work from home) Videoconferencing (combine voice ,video and audio transmission. Electronic data interchange (EDI) (link computer of customer ,manufacturer and supplier)

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 Public network services

Telecommunications Applications

Electronic funds transfer (EFT)

Wire Transfer. Automated Clearing House.

Distance learning Specialized systems and services

Regional Services GPS (Global positioning Systems)
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