Final Assign

Introduction
An average of one worker is electrocuted on the job every day An average of one person is electrocuted in the home every 36 hours Electrical incidents are far more likely to be fatal than other types There are four main types of electrical injuries:
Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) Electrical shock Burns Falls
EFCOG Electrical Improvement Project
Electrical Terminology
Current the movement of electrical charge Resistance opposition to current flow Voltage a measure of electrical force Conductors substances, such as metals, that have little resistance to electricity Insulators substances, such as wood, rubber, glass, and bakelite, that have high resistance to electricity Grounding a conductive connection to the earth which acts as a protective measure
Electrical Shock
Received when current passes through the body Severity of the shock depends on: Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through the body Length of time the body is in the circuit
Dangers of Electrical Shock

Currents greater than 75 mA* can cause ventricular fibrillation (rapid, ineffective heartbeat) Will cause death in a few minutes unless a defibrillator is used 75 mA is not much current a small Defibrillator in use power drill uses 30 times as much
* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

EFCOG Electrical Improvement Project 4
How is an electrical shock received?

When two wires have different potential differences (voltages), current will flow if they are connected together In most household wiring, the black wires are at 110 volts relative to ground The white wires are at zero volts because they are connected to ground If you come into contact with an energized (live) black wire, and you are also in contact with the white grounded wire, current will pass through your body and YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK
How is an electrical shock received?

(contd)
If you are in contact with an energized wire or any energized electrical component, and also with any grounded object, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK You can even receive a shock when you are not in contact with a ground If you contact both wires of a 240-volt cable, YOU WILL RECEIVE A SHOCK and possibly be electrocuted
Low Voltage Does Not Mean Low Hazard

A small amount of electrical current can cause injury, even death
The current from a 7.5-watt, 120-volt lamp, passing across the chest, is enough to cause fatal electrocution
Deaths from 120 volts represent about 12 percent of all electrocutions
Electrical Burns
Most common shock-related, nonfatal injury Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained Typically occurs on the hands Very serious injury that needs immediate attention
Recognize the Hazards

Have you seen areas like these?
Both are NEC violations and present a safety hazard, based on inaccessible circuit control devices
Do not block the working space around electrical equipment (600 volts, nominal, or less). This space provides and maintains sufficient access and working space to permit ready and safe operation and maintenance of such equipment

What do you do if you see these situations?
Call a timeout and inform your supervisor

Do not remove or open receptacle covers, switch plates, or covers of electrical equipment unless qualified and authorized
Recognize the Hazard

Assume all exposed wiring is energized until proven otherwise. STOP, protect the area and contact supervision if you encounter this situation
Potentially energized exposed wire with status unknown
Recognize the Hazard Tripping and Abrasion Hazards

Dont cause tripping hazards or create pinch points for cords
Not OK OK
If you must run a cord temporarily across the floor, protect your coworkers by covering the cord appropriately
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Remove from service damaged or frayed cords Report electrical equipment damage to your supervisor
Visually inspect electrical equipment before each use for damage and/or external defects such as loose, missing or deformed parts, pinched or crushed outer jackets or insulation. This type of external damage may indicate internal damage to the equipment. Electrical cords that are worn or damaged must be replaced without delay. Before cleaning electrical equipment, turn it off and unplug it.
Stay clear of bare, exposed wiring and REPORT IT!
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Recognize the Hazard Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings

Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved covers in place Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing knockouts) Photo shows violations of these two requirements Report this situation to management
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Never daisy chain multi-outlet strips (plugging into each other)


Observe all barricades, postings, and warning signs regarding dangerous voltages Do not enter or approach electrical work areas unless specifically authorized and qualified.
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Not permitted and should be taken out of service! Electrical boxes with knockouts are designed to be installed in or on walls, not used as multioutlet extension cords.
Recognize the Hazard Grounding Path

The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures must be permanent and continuous Violation shown here is an extension cord with a missing grounding prong Do not make alterations to polarized blades or ground pin to make plug fit into non-polarized or non-grounded outlet
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Electrical hazards may exist overhead indoors
Crane power rails are an example
Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead lines
Electrical hazards may also exist overhead outdoors

Most lines are bare and higher voltage than the normal insulated wiring Contact is not required to initiate an arc or cause shock and burn injuries Maintain safe approach distances when working near energized overhead lines

Electrical equipment and wiring must not be exposed to physical damage Picture shown here is physical damage to conduit Stay away from damaged equipment and report equipment damage to supervision
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Treat it as it is designed to be treated Pull the plug, not the cord
Handle portable electrical equipment carefully, in accordance with manufacturers instructions, and in a manner that will not cause damage
Clues that Electrical Hazards May Exist

Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses Hot to the touch on tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes Dim and flickering lights Sizzles and buzzes-unusual sounds from electrical system Odor of hot insulation Mild tingle from contact with case or equipment GFCI that shuts off a circuit Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection Burn marks or discoloration on receptacle plates or plug prongs
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Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter

Always use a GFCI receptacle or circuit for cord connected tools and equipment used outdoors or near water This device protects you from electrocution The GFCI detects a difference in current between the black and white circuit wires (This could happen when electrical equipment is not working correctly, causing current leakage known as a ground fault.) Perform the test function on the GFCI to determine if it is functioning properly by pushing the button to verify it shuts off Repeated resetting not allowed. Contact local E&I to troubleshoot if GFCI continues to trip.
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Prohibited Uses of Flexible Cords

Examples
Substitute for fixed wiring
Run through walls, ceilings, floors, doors, or windows

Concealed behind or attached to building surfaces

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Safe Practices Cord Control

Do not fasten electrical cords to surfaces with staples, nails, wire, or any other method that might damage the cord Extension cords Place them in appropriate locations
Understand they are for temporary use only Tool cords Keep track of them, to assure they do not become damaged Do not plug or unplug electrical cords with wet hands or while standing in water
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Safe Practices Cord Control Cont.

Do not use portable electrical equipment or extension cords in wet or damp locations without a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) ahead of the plug connection GFCIs are also required for temporary power applications in wet or damp locations, including extension cords Remove loads from an appliance or extension cord before unplugging it If a plug wont stay placed snugly or fits loosely in a receptacle, dont use it; call local E&I to replace it
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Safe Practices Resetting Breakers

When circuit breakers and fuses trip, dont reset or replace them! Only qualified and authorized personnel are allowed to reset breakers and replace fuses Contact qualified personnel to determine the cause of trips
Safe Practices Conductive Apparel

Dont wear loose conductive apparel, (such as rings, watch bands, bracelets, necklaces, etc.) when plugging in electrical cords
Charm contacted plug Burn from arc
Charm contacted plug here
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Safe Practices Wall Penetrations

When penetrating walls to hang pictures, bulletin boards, signs, understand and follow site requirements to ensure that concealed electrical wiring, conduit or piping will not be contacted A non-obtrusive survey (e.g., Ground Penetrating Radar, proximity detection device) may be required, along with a review of applicable drawings, to ensure that the electrical system is not penetrated or contacted
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Safe Practices Equipment Applications

Consumer electrical equipment or appliances should be tested and labeled by a recognized testing laboratory. (Look for the UL, CSA, ETL or MET Label) Always read and follow the manufacturers instructions carefully. Be sure that the equipment or tool is rated for the environment (wet, damp, etc.) Plug portable space heaters directly into outlet: Do not use extension cord. Use a circuit with as little else on it as possible since space heaters take a lot of power.
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Safe Practices Qualifications

Do not remove/replace receptacle covers, switch plates, or covers of electrical equipment that may contain energized conductors without electrical qualifications and authorization Only qualified electrical workers may perform activities such as electrical probing, measuring and testing electrical energized components (such as performing an absence of voltage test)
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Electrical Emergencies
Do you know what dangers could be encountered?
Attempts to rescue an accident victim may pose as great a hazard for the rescuer as it does for the victim A victim of an electrical accident is often unable to move or release the electrical conductor, because of muscle clamping Caution should be a primary consideration during any electrical accident or emergency
Electrical Emergencies
Do you know the proper actions to take if you see someone receiving a shock or locked onto an energized electrical line? Approaching the accident: Never rush into an accident situation-Assess your own safety Call 911 as soon as possible Unplug portable electrical equipment to remove power (1st choice) Open a disconnecting device or circuit breaker to de-energize fixed electrical equipment Use a dry wood broom, leather belt, plastic rope, or something similar that is non-conductive such as wood or plastic cane with hook on the end to free the person from the energy source
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Electrical Emergencies Downed Power Lines

Do you know the proper actions to take? Approaching the accident: Move away from downed power line Shuffle away with small steps keeping feet together If you see someone in direct contact with line, do not touch person Call 911 as soon as possible Do not attempt to move downed power line Get the aid of trained electrical personnel if possible If you are in your car and it is it contact with the downed line, stay in car. Honk horn for help and tell others to stay away from your vehicle
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What Now?
Inspect your work areas
Existing unsafe conditions
- Bare wires - Open enclosures containing exposed wires - Loose or missing covers or fasteners
- Use good electrical safe practices

- No daisy-chaining - No overloading outlets - Pull on plug, not cord
What Now?
What do I do if I identify a hazardous condition?
When unsafe electrical conditions are found, correct them if possible, or take steps to warn other employees Report unsafe electrical conditions verbally and/or in writing to supervision so corrective actions can be taken immediately Barricade the area, if an immediate hazard exists Notify supervision for correction and EFCOG 36 documentation Electrical Improvement Project
For More Information

Contact:
Your Site Electrical Safety Officer, or Your Safety Engineer
WEB Sites
See DOE Electrical Safety Campaign at www.eh.doe.gov/paa/electrical See Electrical Safety Foundation International at www.electrical-safety.org
A maintenance employee was electrocuted

while attempting to change a light fixture
(no Lockout/Tagout)
An employee was electrocuted when he made

contact with a piece of equipment being hoisted from an excavation. The arm of the backhoe hoisting the equipment contacted an overhead power line
Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507
Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc
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Top Electrical Citations (FY 2005)

Electrical, Wiring Design and Protection
1926.404
Elec. Wiring Methods, Components and Equipment, General Use
1313
1926.405
Electrical, General Requirements
1157
1926.403
660
Electrical, Safety-Related Work Practices, General Requirements
1926.416 0
350 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

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Source: Citation statistics from Federal OSHA data for OSHA fiscal year 2005
Causes of Electrocution Fatalities

Contact with Overhead Power lines Contact with Live Circuits Not following Lock/Tagout procedures Poorly Maintained Extension Cords Defective Power Tools
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Electrical Injuries
There are three direct and two indirect types of electrical injuries: Direct:
Electrocution or death due to electrical shock Electrical shock Burns
Indirect:
Falls Fire
Harwood Crant #46J6-HT13 Rev. 011507 Southwest Safety Training Alliance Inc 41
Shock Severity
Severity of the shock depends on:
Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through the body (amps) Duration of the shocking current through the body,
LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD

Overhead Power Lines Hazard

Usually not insulated Examples of equipment that can contact power lines:
Crane Ladder Scaffold Backhoe Scissors lift Raised dump truck bed Aluminum paint roller
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Its Your Job to Know!

Know the hazards of electricity Know the equipment Use Safe Work Practices Inspect your PPE before each use Dont work on energized circuits without permission
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Safety-Related Work Practices

To protect workers from electrical shock:
Use barriers and guards to prevent passage through areas of exposed energized equipment Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings and use protective measures Keep working spaces and walkways clear of cords
45
An employee working on a roof made contact

with the service entrance riser into the home and was electrocuted
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Caution
Special Training is required for work on electrical equipment. Such training is for Authorized Employees and it covers: Safe Work Practices Isolation of Electrical Sources Test Equipment Tools & PPE Only Authorized Employees may conduct electrical work
Control Devices
Control circuit devices such as
push buttons selector switches interlocks
may not be used as the sole means for de-energizing circuits or equipment.
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Control Use GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter)

Protects you from shock Detects difference in current between the black and white wires If ground fault detected, GFCI shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a second Use GFCIs on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles, or have an assured equipment grounding conductor program.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Effects of Amount of AC Current
ma=1/1000th of an amp
3 ma- painful shock which cause indirect accidents 10ma- muscle contraction...no let go danger 30ma- lung paralysis- usually temporary 50ma- possible ventricular fibrillation (heart dysfunction, usually fatal) 100 ma- certain ventricular fibrillation, fatal 4 amps- heart paralysis, severe burns
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How it works
51
Are these safe practices?
52
Lock & Tag

Lock & Tag all Sources Place Lock & Tag on each disconnecting means used to de-energize circuits Attach lock to prevent operating the disconnecting means Place Tag with each lock
Note: Only the person who places the lock may remove it.
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Lockout Devices
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If a Lock cannot be applied

A tag used without a lock must be supplemented by at least one additional safety measure that provides a level of safety equal to that of a lock. Examples: Removal of an isolating circuit element such as a fuse Blocking of a controlling switch Opening of an extra disconnecting device.
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Tagout
There many different kinds of tags and Lockout devices.
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Release Stored Energy

Stored electric energy must be released before starting work.
Discharge all Capacitors

Short-Circuit & Ground all high capacitance elements
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Is it Dead?
Verify System is De-energized Operate the equipment controls to check that equipment cannot be restarted.
Use test equipment to test the circuits & electrical parts for voltage & current
Alerting others of hazards

Use barricades to prevent or limit access to work areas with un-insulated energized conductors or circuit parts. Use safety signs, safety symbols, or accident prevention tags to warn others about electrical hazards which may endanger them. If signs and barricades do not provide sufficient warning and protection from electrical hazards, an attendant shall be stationed to warn and protect employees.
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Electrical Tools and Cords
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Portable Electric Tools & Cords

Portable equipment must be handled in a manner which will not cause damage. Flexible electric cords connected to equipment may not be used for raising or lowering the equipment. Flexible cords may not be fastened with staples or otherwise hung in such a fashion as could damage the outer jacket or insulation.
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Tools & Equipment

Use insulated tools or handling equipment when working near exposed energized conductors or circuit parts. Use fuse handling equipment to remove or install fuses when the fuse terminals are energized. Ropes and handlines used near exposed energized parts must be nonconductive.
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Power Tool Requirements

Have a three-wire cord with ground plugged into a grounded receptacle, or
Be double insulated, or
Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer
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Preventing Electrical Hazards - Tools

Inspect tools before use Use the right tool correctly Protect your tools Use double insulated tools
Double Insulated marking
Any problems?
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Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes GFCI that shuts off a circuit Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
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Beware of Old Wiring

Removal of expansion tank (hot water). Old style knob electrical wiring. Victim contacted frayed wiring.
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Wire Pulling
Avoid manual wire pulling and use a tugger or a handtool whenever possible Communication between the puller and feeder to coordinate movements will make the job easier and safer. Use lighter-weight tools.
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Reducing Body Strains

CHANGE BODY POSITIONS. Working overhead, at floor level, or in cramped spaces forces the body into awkward postures. To relieve muscle tension and improve circulation, change body positions, alternate tasks, and stretch throughout the day.
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Summary
Electrical equipment must be: Listed and labeled Free from hazards Used in the proper manner
If you use electrical tools you must:

Be protected from electrical shock Use them in a comfortable position Be provided with necessary safety equipment
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A tree trimmer was electrocuted when

he touched an overhead electrical line while descending a palm tree
Always remember Its your life!

An employee was
electrocuted while working on an A/C unit
In this presentation
Section I Electrical hazards Electrical accidents Statistics Humans & Electricity Electrical Safety Programme elements Section II Global Developments in Electrical Safety
Electrical Accidents-Statistics
25% of all fires occur due to electricity (NFPA)
411 deaths from job related electrical accidents per year (NIOSH)
Electrocution - the fifth leading cause of death (1982 - 1990) NIOSH
About 12 deaths due to electrocution NCRB, (India)

42 % of total fires occur due to electrical sources (Source -OISD) 8% deaths that occur in Indian factories are due to electricity
ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS- 10 year Period, Chemical Industry
Electrical Near-Misses & AccidentsMajor Causes

Working on live equipment w/o authorization or PPE Wiring mistakes coupled with failure of safeenergy conditions
Leaving unsafe conditions
Electricity and People

A person usually offers a lesser resistance for the electricity The person forms a completed circuit when touching the ground Electricity always tries to travel to ground
ELECTRICAL FIRES .
ELECTRICAL FAULTS (Contd.)
STATIC DISCHARGES
LIGHTNING
USING ORDINARY ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
Earthing
Most electrical equipment is designed with a earthing system Earth all equipment with metallic body (TVs?) Double & Single earthing- differentiation? Carry out ER tests annually as per NFPA 70 Take action on high ER values Identify all earth pits, maintain a Earth Pit lay out
Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers

ELCBs reduce the likelihood of fatal shocks Detect small amount of leakage current and automatically switch off the power Can be used with extension cords and portable tools Fuses and circuit breakers protect equipment, not people Use the right sensitivity ELCBs (30, 100, 300 mA)
Static Electricity
Created when materials rub together Can cause shocks or even minor skin burns Can damage sensitive electronic equipment Reduced or prevented by:
Proper grounding Anti-Static rubber matting Bonding & earthing of equipment, pipelines
Electrical Fire Protection

Use Linear Heat Sensing cables in cable cellars along with smoke detectors Consider all major electrical fires in EMP Install master control switches outside all stores Maintain PFEs for electrical rooms Consider local flooding systems for critical panels/ switchgear panels
Case Study
An electrician received a shock while trying to replace a tube light ballast in live power condition. He touched a live conductor. He was not wearing rubber gloves. Current entered his right hand through his little finger and exited through his left hand. Post Accident Correction:
Working on live circuits not permitted LOTO to be strictly enforced
Equipment Operators
Never tamper with electrical interlocks Do not repair electrical components of your machine Properly shut off machinery before operation Obey warning signs and follow safe procedures Follow PTW procedures strictly
Electrical Preventive Maintenance

Identification of critical Electrical Equipment Emergency lighting Fire Alarm System Protection Supply DC System UPS System, Battery Banks Electrical Maintenance Procedures to be aligned with NFPA 70 B
Planning for EPM

Personal Safety Equipment Failure Production Economics
Electrical Preventive Maintenance

Implement EPM without slippage Carry out all tests (ER, IR, transformer oil, DGA, LP system, transformer protective devices- simulation, FA system for electrical rooms, etc.) Adopt NFPA 70 E / B for electrical maintenance Adopt Risk Based maintenance Use predictive maintenance tools (hotspot detector, Ultrasonic detectors, Thermography)
All electrical accidents are preceded by rise in temperature & sound
ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDIT
A systematic approach to critically analyze the existing Electrical Procedures and Practices from safety point of view
Global Developments in Electrical Safety
Present Status - ES-India

ES Awareness is slowly growing Use of RCCBs in the rise, finer details are yet to be understood by many More ES workshops / seminars are conducted in India Statutory regulations are enforced strictly (Karnataka, Delhi - Use of RCCBs mandatory in residential buildings) Many industries are re-aligning their Electrical practices based on international standards (NFPA, IEEE, etc.)
Evolvement of ES Standards / organizationsUnited States

NFPA - NEC (1897) NESC (1913), from IEEE NIOSH (Research example: development of voltage detector that will signal the person if he gets close to live power)-1970 OSHA (1970) NFPA 70 E & B (1979) -approved by OSHA Electrical Trauma Centre, Chicago (1990) NESF(1994), by UL, NFPA, NEMA, CPSC
ES Products...
ES Auditing Techniques
Electrical Risk Assessment using Semi-Quantitative Risk Ranking (SQRR) technique Emergency Lighting Risk Assessment Benchmarking against applicable standards: NFPA 780 Lightning Protection NFPA 70 M Electrical Preventive Maintenance NFPA 70 E Personal Safety from Electrical Safety
Electrical Risk Assessment (SQRR Technique)

Risk Ranking based on severity, probability
High Risk- Statutory Non-compliance, F&E hazards, Shock hazards, Risks that could result in immediate threat to life & property. Immediate correction
Medium Risk - Maintenance flaws,Operational issues-correction at the next available opportunity.

Low Risk - Mainly improvement measures, long term implementation
RCCB Tripping
How do we solve this problem in India ?
Bypass it !!!
ES related Information
Indian Electricity Rule, 1956 (2000 rev.): (MoP, CEA web site,http://powermin.nic.in) Lightning Protection Risk Assessment:www.furse.com National Electrical Safety Foundation: www.nesf.org Free safety Power Point presentations: http://siri.org/ Electrical Accidents: http://www.safteng.net:
IEEE IAS ES WS Delhi Dec. 2004
Standards & Codes

NFPA 70 E & B- E-Safety & Maintenance NFPA 780- Lightning Protection API RP 2003- Static Electricity API RP 500- HAC OSHA 29 CFR- part 1910- Arc Flash NFPA 70- NEC IEEE 1584- Arc Flash Protection NFPA 77- Static Electricity OSHA CFR 1926-Personnel Electrical Safety
Summary
Electricity will try to reach ground even if it means going through a person Earthing has an important role in ES Always inspect power tools and cords and do not use them if damaged Do not attempt to repair electrical equipment unless trained and qualified Understand effects of Lightning- it could save your life! Major fires, explosions occurred due to ESD , lightning in flammable atmospheres
Electrical Safety - Construction
OSHA Office of Training & Education
100
Electricity - The Dangers

About 5 workers are electrocuted every week Causes 12% of young worker workplace deaths
Takes very little electricity to cause harm

Significant risk of causing fires
OSHA Office of Training & Education 101
Electricity How it Works

Electricity is the flow of energy from one place to another Requires a source of power: usually a generating station A flow of electrons (current) travels through a conductor Travels in a closed circuit
Electrical Terms
Current -- electrical movement (measured in amps) Circuit -- complete path of the current. Includes electricity source, a conductor, and the output device or load (such as a lamp, tool, or heater) Resistance -- restriction to electrical flow Conductors substances, like metals, with little resistance to electricity that allow electricity to flow Grounding a conductive connection to the earth which acts as a protective measure Insulators -- substances with high resistance to electricity like glass, porcelain, plastic, and dry wood that prevent electricity from getting to unwanted areas
103
Electrical Injuries
There are four main types of electrical injuries: Direct:
Electrocution or death due to electrical shock Electrical shock Burns
Indirect - Falls
104
Electrical Shock
An electrical shock is received when electrical current passes through the body. You will get an electrical shock if a part of your body completes an electrical circuit by Touching a live wire and an electrical ground, or Touching a live wire and another wire at a different voltage.
Shock Severity
Severity of the shock depends on:
Path of current through the body Amount of current flowing through the body (amps) Duration of the shocking current through the body,
LOW VOLTAGE DOES NOT MEAN LOW HAZARD

Dangers of Electrical Shock

Currents above 10 mA* can paralyze or freeze muscles. Currents more than 75 mA can cause a rapid, ineffective heartbeat -- death will occur in a few minutes unless a defibrillator is used 75 mA is not much current a small power drill uses 30 times as much
Defibrillator in use
* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

Burns
Most common shock-related injury Occurs when you touch electrical wiring or equipment that is improperly used or maintained Typically occurs on hands Very serious injury that needs immediate attention
108
Falls
Electric shock can also cause indirect injuries
Workers in elevated locations who experience a shock may fall, resulting in serious injury or death
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Electrical Hazards and How to Control Them

Electrical accidents are caused by a combination of three factors:
Unsafe equipment and/or installation, Workplaces made unsafe by the environment, and Unsafe work practices.
Hazard Exposed Electrical Parts
Cover removed from wiring or breaker box

Control Isolate Electrical Parts

Use guards or barriers
Replace covers
Guard live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more against accidental contact
112
Control Isolate Electrical Parts - Cabinets, Boxes & Fittings
Conductors going into them must be protected, and unused openings must be closed
Control Close Openings

Junction boxes, pull boxes and fittings must have approved covers
Unused openings in cabinets, boxes and fittings must be closed (no missing knockouts)
Photo shows violations of these two requirements
114
Hazard - Overhead Power Lines

Usually not insulated Examples of equipment that can contact power lines: Crane Ladder Scaffold Backhoe Scissors lift Raised dump truck bed Aluminum paint roller
115
Control - Overhead Power Lines

Stay at least 10 feet away Post warning signs Assume that lines are energized Use wood or fiberglass ladders, not metal Power line workers need special training & PPE
116
Hazard - Inadequate Wiring

Hazard - wire too small for the current Example - portable tool with an extension cord that has a wire too small for the tool The tool will draw more current than the cord can handle, causing overheating Wire Gauge and a possible fire without tripping the circuit breaker The circuit breaker could be the right WIRE size for the circuit but not for the Wire gauge measures smaller-wire extension cord wires ranging in size from
number 36 to 0 American wire gauge (AWG)
Control Use the Correct Wire

Wire used depends on operation, building materials, electrical load, and environmental factors Use fixed cords rather than flexible cords Use the correct extension cord
Must be 3-wire type and designed for hard or extra-hard use
118
Hazard Defective Cords & Wires

Plastic or rubber covering is missing Damaged extension cords & tools
119
Hazard Damaged Cords

Cords can be damaged by: Aging Door or window edges Staples or fastenings Abrasion from adjacent materials Activity in the area Improper use can cause shocks, burns or fire
Control Cords & Wires

Insulate live wires Check before use Use only cords that are 3-wire type Use only cords marked for hard or extrahard usage Use only cords, connection devices, and fittings equipped with strain relief Remove cords by pulling on the plugs, not the cords Cords not marked for hard or extra-hard use, or which have been modified, must be taken out of service immediately
121
Permissible Use of Flexible Cords

DO NOT use flexible wiring where frequent inspection would be difficult or where damage would be likely. Flexible cords must not be . . . run through holes in walls, ceilings, or floors; run through doorways, windows, or similar openings (unless physically protected); hidden in walls, ceilings, floors, conduit or other raceways.
Stationary equipment-to facilitate interchange
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Grounding
Grounding creates a lowresistance path from a tool to the earth to disperse unwanted current. When a short or lightning occurs, energy flows to the ground, protecting you from electrical shock, injury and death.
123
Hazard Improper Grounding

Tools plugged into improperly grounded circuits may become energized
Broken wire or plug on extension cord Some of the most frequently violated OSHA standards
124
Control Ground Tools & Equipment

Ground power supply systems, electrical circuits, and electrical equipment Frequently inspect electrical systems to insure path to ground is continuous Inspect electrical equipment before use Dont remove ground prongs from tools or extension cords Ground exposed metal parts of equipment
125
Control Use GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter)

Protects you from shock Detects difference in current between the black and white wires If ground fault detected, GFCI shuts off electricity in 1/40th of a second Use GFCIs on all 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles, or have an assured equipment grounding conductor program.
126
Control - Assured Equipment Grounding Conductor Program

Program must cover: All cord sets Receptacles not part of a building or structure Equipment connected by plug and cord
Program requirements include: Specific procedures adopted by the employer Competent person to implement the program Visual inspection for damage of equipment connected by cord and plug
Hazard Overloaded Circuits

Hazards may result from: Too many devices plugged into a circuit, causing heated wires and possibly a fire Damaged tools overheating Lack of overcurrent protection Wire insulation melting, which may cause arcing and a fire in the area where the overload exists, even inside a wall
128
Control - Electrical Protective Devices

Automatically opens circuit if excess current from overload or ground-fault is detected shutting off electricity Includes GFCIs, fuses, and circuit breakers Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent devices. When too much current: Fuses melt Circuit breakers trip open
129
Power Tool Requirements

Have a three-wire cord with ground plugged into a grounded receptacle, or Be double insulated, or Be powered by a low-voltage isolation transformer
130
Tool Safety Tips

Use gloves and appropriate footwear Store in dry place when not using Dont use in wet/damp conditions Keep working areas well lit Ensure not a tripping hazard Dont carry a tool by the cord Dont yank the cord to disconnect it Keep cords away from heat, oil, & sharp edges Disconnect when not in use and when changing accessories such as blades & bits Remove damaged tools from use
Preventing Electrical Hazards - Tools

Inspect tools before use Use the right tool correctly Protect your tools Use double insulated tools
Double Insulated marking
132
Temporary Lights
Protect from contact and damage, and dont suspend by cords unless designed to do so.
Clues that Electrical Hazards Exist

Tripped circuit breakers or blown fuses Warm tools, wires, cords, connections, or junction boxes GFCI that shuts off a circuit Worn or frayed insulation around wire or connection
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Lockout and Tagging of Circuits

Apply locks to power source after deenergizing Tag deactivated controls Tag de-energized equipment and circuits at all points where they can be energized Tags must identify equipment or circuits being worked on

To protect workers from electrical shock: Use barriers and guards to prevent passage through areas of exposed energized equipment Pre-plan work, post hazard warnings and use protective measures Keep working spaces and walkways clear of cords
136

Use special insulated tools when working on fuses with energized terminals Dont use worn or frayed cords and cables
Dont fasten extension cords with staples, hang from nails, or suspend by wire.
137
Preventing Electrical Hazards Planning

Plan your work with others Plan to avoid falls Plan to lock-out and tagout equipment Remove jewelry Avoid wet conditions and overhead power lines
Avoid Wet Conditions

If you touch a live wire or other electrical component while standing in even a small puddle of water youll get a shock. Damaged insulation, equipment, or tools can expose you to live electrical parts. Improperly grounded metal switch plates & ceiling lights are especially hazardous in wet conditions. Wet clothing, high humidity, and perspiration increase your chances of being electrocuted.
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Preventing Electrical Hazards - PPE

Proper foot protection (not tennis shoes)
Rubber insulating gloves, hoods, sleeves, matting, and blankets Hard hat (insulated nonconductive)
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Preventing Electrical Hazards Proper Wiring and Connectors

Use and test GFCIs Check switches and insulation Use three prong plugs Use extension cords only when necessary & assure in proper condition and right type for job Use correct connectors
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Training
Train employees working with electric equipment in safe work practices, including:
Deenergize electric equipment before inspecting or repairing Using cords, cables, and electric tools that are in good repair Lockout / Tagout recognition and procedures Use appropriate protective equipment
Summary Hazards & Protections

Hazards Inadequate wiring Exposed electrical parts Wires with bad insulation Ungrounded electrical systems and tools Overloaded circuits Damaged power tools and equipment Using the wrong PPE and tools Overhead powerlines All hazards are made worse in wet conditions Protective Measures Proper grounding Use GFCIs Use fuses and circuit breakers Guard live parts Lockout/Tagout Proper use of flexible cords Close electric panels Training
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Summary
Electrical equipment must be:
Listed and labeled Free from hazards Used in the proper manner
If you use electrical tools you must be:

Protected from electrical shock Provided necessary safety equipment
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Introduction

Electrocution (death due to electrical shock) Electrical shock Burns Falls

EFCOG Electrical Improvement Project

EFCOG Electrical Improvement Project

EFCOG Electrical Improvement Project

Dangers of Electrical Shock

* mA = milliampere = 1/1,000 of an ampere

How is an electrical shock received?

How is an electrical shock received?

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Low Voltage Does Not Mean Low Hazard

Deaths from 120 volts represent about 12 percent of all electrocutions

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EFCOG Electrical Improvement Project

Recognize the Hazards

Recognize the Hazards

Call a timeout and inform your supervisor

Recognize the Hazard

Recognize the Hazard Tripping and Abrasion Hazards

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Recognize the Hazards

Stay clear of bare, exposed wiring and REPORT IT!

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Recognize the Hazard Cabinets, Boxes, and Fittings

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Recognize the Hazards

Never daisy chain multi-outlet strips (plugging into each other)

Recognize the Hazard

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Recognize the Hazards

Recognize the Hazard Grounding Path

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Recognize the Hazards

Electrical hazards may also exist overhead outdoors

Recognize the Hazard

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Recognize the Hazard

Clues that Electrical Hazards May Exist

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Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter

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Prohibited Uses of Flexible Cords

Substitute for fixed wiring

Run through walls, ceilings, floors, doors, or windows

Concealed behind or attached to building surfaces

Safe Practices Cord Control

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Safe Practices Cord Control Cont.

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Safe Practices Resetting Breakers

Safe Practices Conductive Apparel

Charm contacted plug Burn from arc

Charm contacted plug here

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Safe Practices Wall Penetrations

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Safe Practices Equipment Applications

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Safe Practices Qualifications

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Electrical Emergencies Downed Power Lines

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