the father of analytic philosophy

HISTORY Family and educational Background : Born: 8 Nov 1848 in Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin (now Germany) Died: 26 July 1925 in Bad Kleinen, Germany Frege was a German mathematician , logician and philosopher. He is considered to be one of the founders of modern logic, and made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. He was born in 1848 in Wismar, in the state of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (the modern German federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). His father Carl (Karl) Alexander Frege (3 August 1809 - 30 November 1866) was the co-founder and headmaster of a girls' high school until his death. After Carl's death the school was led by Frege's mother Auguste Wilhelmine Sophie Frege (ne Bialloblotzky, 12 January 1815 - 14 October 1898).

In childhood, Frege encountered philosophies that would guide his future scientific career. For example, his father wrote a textbook on the German language for children aged 9 13, entitled Hlfsbuch zum Unterrichte in der deutschen Sprache fr Kinder von 9 bis 13 Jahren (2nd ed., Wismar, 1850; 3rd ed., Wismar and Ludwigslust: Hinstorff, 1862), the first section of which dealt with the structure and logic of language. Frege studied at a gymnasium in Wismar, and graduated in 1869. His teacher Gustav Adolf Leo Sachse (5 November 1843 - 1 September 1909), who was also a poet, played the most important role in determining Frege s future scientific career, encouraging him to continue his studies at the University of Jena. Frege matriculated at the University of Jena in the spring of 1869 as a citizen of the North German Federation. In the four semesters of his studies he attended approximately twenty courses of lectures, most of them on mathematics and physics. His most important teacher was Ernst Karl Abbe (1840 1905) (physicist, mathematician, and inventor).

His other notable university teachers were Christian Philipp Karl Snell (1806 1886), Hermann Karl Julius Traugott Schaeffer (1824 1900); and the famous philosopher Kuno Fischer (1824 1907). Starting in 1871, Frege continued his studies in Gttingen, the leading university in mathematics in German-speaking territories. In 1873, Frege attained his doctorate under Ernst Schering, with a dissertation under the title of "ber eine geometrische Darstellung der imaginren Gebilde in der Ebene" ("On a Geometrical Representation of Imaginary Forms in a Plane"), in which he aimed to solve such fundamental problems in geometry as the mathematical interpretation of projective geometry's infinitely distant (imaginary) points. Frege married Margarete Katharina Sophia Anna Lieseberg (15 February 1856 - 25 June 1904) on March 14, 1887.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO LOGIC:
The Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildete Formelsprache des

reinen Denkens( Concept Notation, the Formal Language of the Pure Thought like that of Arithmetics.) marked a turning point in the history of logic. It broke new ground, including a rigorous treatment of the ideas of functions and variables. Frege wanted to show that mathematics grows out of logic, but in so doing he devised techniques that took him far beyond the Aristotelian syllogistic and Stoic propositional logic that had come down to him in the logical tradition.
axiomatic predicate logic "conceptual notation

can represent inferences involving indefinitely complex mathematical statements.

Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, eine logisch-mathematische Untersuchung

ber den Begriff der Zahl ( The Foundations of Arithmetic: the logicalmathematical Investigation of the Concept of Number.)

 Grundgesetze der Arithmetik (Basic Laws of Arithmetic)

philosophy of logic , logic is made true by a realm of logical entities. Logical functions, value-ranges, and the truth-values the True and the False, are thought to be objectively real entities, existing apart from the material and mental world.

TO PHILOSOPHY:
Theory of Sense and Reference, sense and reference are two different aspects of

the significance of an expression. Frege applied Bedeutung in the first instance to proper names, where it means the bearer of the name, the object in question, but then also to other expressions, including complete sentences, which bedeuten the two "truth values", the true and the false; by contrast, the sense or Sinn associated with a complete sentence is the thought it expresses. The sense of an expression is said to be the "mode of presentation" of the item referred to.
Function and Concept (1891) "Concept and Object" (1892) "What is a Function?" (1904)

Logical Investigations (1918

1923). "Der Gedanke: Eine logische Untersuchung" ("Thought: A Logical Investigation") "Die Verneinung" ("Negation") "Gedankengefge" ("Compound Thought")

Philosophy of mathematics:
Term Logic and Predicate Calculus Complex Statements and Generality

Four special functional expressions to express complex and general statements:

Intuitive Significance Statement

Functional Expression

The Function It Signifies The function which maps The True to The True and maps all other bjects to The False; used to express the thought that the argument is a true statement. The function which maps The True to The False and maps all other objects to The True The function which maps a pair of objects to The False if the first (i.e., named in the bottom branch) is The True and the second isn't The True, and maps all other pairs of objects to The True The second-level function which maps a first-level concept to The True if maps every object to The True; otherwise it maps to The False.

Negation

Conditional

Generality

Proof and Definition Proof, any finite sequence of statements such that each statement in the sequence either is an axiom or follows from previous members by a valid rule of inference.

Definition, Frege was extremely careful about the proper description and definition of logical and mathematical concepts. He developed powerful and insightful criticisms of mathematical work which did not meet his standards for clarity. For example, he criticized mathematicians who defined a variable to be a number that varies rather than an expression of language which can vary as to which determinate number it refers to. And he criticized those mathematicians who developed piecemeal definitions or creative definitions. In the Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, II (1903, Sections 56-67) Frege criticized the practice of defining a concept on a given range of objects and later redefining the concept on a wider, more inclusive range of concepts. Frequently, this piecemeal style of definition led to conflict, since the redefined concept did not always reduce to the original concept when one restricts the range to the original class of objects. In that same work (1903, Sections 139-147), Frege criticized the mathematical practise of introducing notation to name (unique) entities without first proving that there exist (unique) such entities. He pointed out that such creative definitions were simply unjustified.

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