Anti-Aging and Gerontology

The thermodynamic theory of origin of life,

biological evolution und aging in action:
medical and nutrition recommendations for
patients of any age

Georgi P. Gladyshev

International Academy of Creative Endeavors

San Diego, USA – Moscow, Russia
N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
Kosygina 4, Moscow, 117977 Russia
 ESSENCE:
Hierarchical thermodynamics – general theory of existence and living
world development

A4M Chicago 2006

July 14, 2006 - July
16, 2006

IoHT and Academy of Creative Endeavors

"Variation of ∆G corresponding to the formation of a

certain structure, which can be a supramolecular
structure, a family structure, a structure of
populations, etc., is a measure of the evolutionary
transformation (aging) of this structure."
Evolution of Life: How and Why?

Jean-Baptiste Pierre
Charles Robert Darwin Antoine de Monet,
Chevalier de Lamarck
 Heredity
n (ontogenesis)  phylogenesis

Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822[1] – January 6, 1884)

 EVOLUTION AND AGING
Why? Motive power ?

∆G = ∆H – T∆S
Variation of ∆G is a measure of
the evolutionary transformation
of biological structures
Scientific physical theories
Any theory of
aging should
includes the
thermodynamic
aspects
Любые теории старения и
эволюции живых объектов
должны рассматривать
термодинамические причины
процессов
Hierarchical Thermodynamics

Georgi P. Gladyshev

International Academy of
Creative Endeavors
N. N. Semenov Institute of
Chemical Physics, Russian
Academy of Sciences
Chicago Institute of Human
Thermodynamics **
Gibbs’ Theory and Hierarchical
Thermodynamics
J. Willard Gibbs created the general
thermodynamic theory, which is a strict
physical theory applying to the whole real
world. This theory has been of limited, or of
questionable use in biology for the
investigation of open systems. Recently
(1977) the theory has been extended to real
open biological systems and a hierarchical
equilibrium thermodynamics has been
created . A study of quasiclosed systems
enables one to draw conclusions about the
thermodynamic direction of biological
evolution and aging of living beings.
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a key
theory of physics, chemistry,
biology, and all natural
sciences.
This statement would generally be
accepted as a fact.
The second law and biological
evolution

"One of the principal

objects of theoretical
research in any
department of
knowledge is to find the
point of view from which
the subject appears in
its greatest simplicity."

J. Willard Gibbs (1881)

"… the true and only goal of
science is to reveal unity
rather than mechanisms."
Henri Poincaré
 Classical and non-classical
formulations of the second law
• "During the last decades, an opinion has
widely spread that there is the apparent
contradiction between biological order and
laws of physics—particularly the second
law of thermodynamics“. I. Prigogine
• I. Prigogine (1980) also emphasized that
"this contradiction cannot be removed as
long as one tries to understand living
systems by the methods of equilibrium
thermodynamics".
 Mode in History

Alchemy as
an investigation
of Nature

The scientific
community
Epoch of generally considers
astrology to be a
Communism
pseudoscience
The second law of thermodynamics

In 1865, R. Clausius introduced the

concept of entropy (S), a state function
of a system (a function that has a full
differential) according to the Clausius
inequality:
dS ≥ δQ / T , (1.1)
where the equality sign pertains to reversible
processes and the inequality (greater-than) sign, to
irreversible ones. Expression (1.1) is suitable for a
simple isolated system, which can exchange neither
substance nor energy with the environment and
whose internal energy (U) and volume (V) are
constant. In such systems only the work of expansion
or no work at all is performed.
 The greatest merits of Gibbs
• One of the greatest merits of J.W. Gibbs is that
he used the works by L. Euler, J.L. Lagrange
and other outstanding mathematicians
(specifically, the variation principles developed
by them) as a basis for the concepts on the
functions of state of the system other than
entropy (which, like entropy, have full
differentials). The functions of state permit
determining the directions of spontaneous
processes and estimating the extent of their
advancement in individual thermodynamic
systems identified in the real world.
Papers of J. Willard Gibbs
"Anyone who hopes to
make advances in the
fundamental theory or
interpretation of
thermodynamics
(assuming, contrary
to current dogma,
that such advances
can be made) needs
to read the majority of
this book.“
D. J. Bottomley
 Hierarchical Thermodynamics in
Action
Recently, the law of temporal hierarchies
was formulated. This law substantiates the
possibility of identifying (discerning) quasi-closed
monohierarchical systems (subsystems) within open
polyhierarchical biological systems. It was also
established that, as a rule, the processes of
evolution in living natural systems are quasi-
equilibrium processes. It was shown that
models of living systems are analogues of
models of equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium)
chromatographic columns.
Hierarchies
“Deriving from the
quasi-equilibrium point
of view, or punctuated
equilibrium
thermodynamic
perspective, between
the years 1978 to the
present, we find
Gladyshev making
great headway towards
the unification of
thermodynamic theory
with that of the
evolutionary process of
life.”
http://www.humanthermodynamics.com/HT-
history.html
 Closed system
In thermodynamics, a closed system, as contrasted with an isolated system,

can exchange heat and work, but not matter, with its surroundings

Cells in culture, stained for keratin (red) and DNA (green)

 A chemoluminescent reaction in
Closed system
A chemoluminescent reaction carried out in a flask
producing a large amount of light
What is Life?

Erwin Schrodinger

Hierarchical
structures
tm

The law of temporal hierarchies

• The law of temporal hierarchies assumes the
following form:
m im organism pop
• … <<
… t (m)
t << t << t << t
Hear is the mean lifetime of molecules (chemical substance)
involved in metabolism in the body, t (im) is the mean lifetime of all
intermolecular (supramolecular) structures of tissues renewed during
individual growth and development, t (organism) is the mean lifetime
of individual organisms in a population, and t (pop) is the mean
population lifetime. This delineation facilitates the divide-up of the
dynamic, energy-fluxing, biological world into quasi-closed, near-
equilibrium subsystems, based on common half-life.
Supramolecular thermodynamics
• It was established that, in the process of
ontogenesis, as well as phylogenesis and
evolution generally, the specific value of
the Gibbs function of formation of
supramolecular structures of the tissues of
an i-th organism tends toward a minimum:
V
~im
~im 1
∫
∂G
Gi = → min
(x, y, z)dxdydz
V ∂m
0
Supramolecular thermodynamics of
quasiclosed biological systems
Chemical Composition of Embryo
Variation of the
amount of water and
fat in a developing
human embryo
(Widdowson E.M. Body Composition in
Animals and Man, 1967).
1 - water in tissue;
2 - fat in tissue.
m (fat) and m (water) - the
amount of fat and water
(weight %); M - mass of
embryo.
Ontogenesis

Schematic
variation of the
specific Gibbs
function
corresponding to
the formation of
the aggregated
phase of
supramolecular
structures in
organism
 Organism is a complex
chromatographic column (1959-1960)

A chemist
using column
chromatograp
hic apparatus
in the mid-
1950s
 Candle
(aging of a wick)
 ch P r o d u c ts o f t h e p h o t o s y n th e s is lig h t s ta g e
a n d o th e r n o n -sp o n ta n e o u s p ro c e sse s
ch
S p o n ta n e o u s “ d a r k r e a c tio n s ”
ch
B io m o le c u le s

S e lf -a s s e m b ly :
The motive force of the th e r m o d y n a m ic s e lf- o r g a n iz in g

S p o n ta n e o u s p ro c e ss e s
N o n -s p o n ta n e o u s p ro c e sse s
S u p r a m o le c u la r s t r u c t u r e s , c e lls
non-spontaneous
processes of the cycle S e lf - a s s e m b ly o f c e lls
of matter, first of all, is O r g a n is m s
connected with the Sun.
S e lf - a s s e m b ly o f o r g a n is m s
Scheme P o p u la t io n s

of the change ch

in the Gibbs S e lf -a s s e m b ly o f p o p u la tio n s , c o m m u n itie s , e tc .

E c o sy stem s

function of
formation of S e lf- a s s e m b ly o f s tr u c tu r e o f n o o s p h e r e

N oosp h ere
complex ch
ch

systems, ∆G *
S p o n ta n e o u s d e g r a d a tio n
o f m o le c u le s
C O 2 , H 2O , H 2 S , N 2 , . . . - t h e r m o d y n a m ic a lly s t a b le p r o d u c t s
 The anti-aging quality of
foodstuff
• The GPGi index, connected with it
can be easily assessed from the
approximated Gibbs – Helmholtz –
Gladyshev equation, which is an
analogue of the classical Gibbs –
Helmholtz approximated equation.
 The anti-aging quality of
foodstuff
• The GPGi index, connected with it
can be easily assessed from the
approximated Gibbs – Helmholtz –
Gladyshev equation, which is an
analogue of the classical Gibbs –
Helmholtz approximated equation.
 Gibbs-Helmholtz equation
In thermodynamic terms (and in the light of known facts),
the proper diet rejuvenates the organism’s tissues. This
is easy to see having analyzed the approximate equation
— an analogue of Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:
~im ~im ~im
∆Gi = (∆H m / Tmi )(Tmi − T0 ) = ∆Sm ∆T
i i
~
where ∆G im is the specific Gibbs function (Gibbs specific free energy) of
i
.
~im ~
the formation of the condensed phase of matter i, ∆H m and ∆S im
are the change of i mi
specific enthalpy and entropy during the solidification of natural fat, Tmi is
the melting or freezing point, and T0 is the standard temperature (e.g., 37°
C) at which the comparison of values ∆G ~im is done.
i
DSC method

~ ~im ~im
∆Giim = (∆H m / Tmi )(Tmi − T0 ) = ∆Sm ∆T
i i
 The melting point of fats or oils
and the anti-aging value
• It follows from the analogue of equation that
a correlation between calculated for standard
~im
temperature ∆ G i and the pour or melting
point of fats or oils, should often be
observed, with acceptable approximation.
Such a correlation should of course, be also
observed between the indicator of the anti-
aging (gerontological) value of the food in
question, GPGi and Tm. Indeed, such a
correlation does exist.
 Nutritive particle molecules 1

• I wish to model the human organism as

complex chromatograph column, such that upon
digestion of food-stuffs, in which some part of
sustenance first reacts with hydrochloric acid
and enzymes to break-down in the stomach, the
nutritive particle molecules will then each
migrate to different parts of the human molecular
structure based on their relative thermodynamic
stability and their relative chemical affinities for
different intra-molecular attachment sites within
the human molecule – the body.
 Nutritive particle molecules 2

• Hence, by way of correlating this theory

and subsequent data sets to longevity
statistics I wish to assign gerontological
values to food-stuffs based on enthalpy or
heats (Gibbs function) of supramolecular
interaction measurements. So, essentially,
I patented the idea that all items of food
intake can be assigned an anti-aging
value based on thermodynamic
parameters.
 Accuracy of calculation
• Needless to say, the correlations
presented in some figures can be
specified by a strict evaluation of the
GPGi indicator. The latter’s value, as
well as a product’s congeal point
Tcong , depend on the environment
and the age of the plant or animal
used as food.
 Gerontological value of the
foodstuffs
• Knowing the pour point of vegetable oils and
fats, we can build the series:
• Hempseed oil, linseed oil, sea buckthorn oil,
cedar oil, sunflower oil, mustard oil, olive oil,
cottonseed oil, seal oil, bottle-nose oil, butter
oil, lard, horse fat, beef fat, mutton fat.
• This series, from the highest to the lowest
gerontological value of the foodstuffs, can be
substantially expanded.
 • Dependence of “anti-aging (gerontological)
value” of edible oils and fats, GPGi, on their
congeal point, Tcong
•
 Diets
The thermodynamic theory makes it possible
to define the principles upon which proper
diets and medications can be devised to slow
down aging.
 Practical advice
• The arguments presented in this paper (in
my view, well-substantiated) indicate that
practically all concrete (detailed)
recommendations relating to nutrition are
individual. They should be formulated on
the basis of general and anti-aging
medicine (gerontology) and should factor
in the findings of physicochemical
dietetics.
 Practical advice
Nevertheless, the thermodynamic
theory of biological evolution and
the aging of living organisms (built
on the foundation of classical
science) provides an opportunity
to formulate general concepts
pertaining to nutrition and helping
prolong healthy human life.
Practice (Sergei V. Voronov)
 The hierarchy of cells
• There are some facts that call for application of
the principle of substance stability to the
hierarchy of cells. Thus, tumor cells have a
lower ability for aggregation. As a result, they
easily move in the body, which leads to the
appearance of metastases. The cell membranes
of tumor cells are, apparently, formed from
supramolecular structures of increased stability.
Hence, the supramolecular stability of cell
aggregates formed with the participation of
tumor cells should be lowered according to the
principle in question.
 Stability of cell aggregates
• In order to increase the adhesive
ability of the cells, the structure of
membranes should be “diluted” and
made less thermodynamically stable.
Hence, it is clear why experimental
anticancer diets propose the use of plant
oils, fats of animals from cold seas, and
other products containing residues of
unsaturated low-melting-point fatty acids.
 Aspirin
The anti-tumor effect
of aspirin can also be
explained on the
basis of such
statements. These
ideas agree with the
recommendations
made using the
thermodynamic
theory of aging. 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid
 1 Dormant ancient genes
• The principle of substance stability
facilitates our understanding of the effect of
the influence of some chemical substances
on the supramolecular structures of nucleic
acids. As a result of the action of such
substances, dormant ancient genes,
accumulated during the evolution of living
beings, may be activated. These genes can
stimulate some types of cancer.
• 1. The sun as it appears through a camera lens from the surface of Earth
 Sociology
• A well-known fact in the sphere of
sociology concerning family ties illustrates
the relationship between the principle of
substance stability and a social hierarchy.
Here, we have in mind the substance
(elemental structures) of any inside social
hierarchy (“understructure hierarchy”),
such as a hierarchy of organisms, groups
of organisms, etc.
 Love
• The stronger the love, mutual
understanding, and affinity between a
couple, i.e. level (j-1), the less time he or she
has to spend “outside the family”, i.e. level
(j). Conversely, weaker adhesions of love,
between couples, results to force the least
thermodynamically stable structure, i.e. the
least stable partner, into a transition to a
new hierarchy. Such spouses do not have
the desire, power, or time for this. In human
social life, as we see, hierarchical
thermodynamics applies equally as well.
 Stability of parties, unions,
states
The principle of substance stability
corresponds with the well-known rules
of maintenance of stability of parties,
unions, states, and nations. One can
comprehend this principle in many
age-old social management methods,
such as “divide and rule.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide_and_rule
 Divide and Rule
In politics and sociology,
divide and rule (also
known as divide and
conquer) is a combination
political, military and
economic strategy of
gaining and maintaining
power by breaking up The domino effect refers to a small
change which will cause a similar change
larger concentrations of nearby, which then will cause another similar
power into chunks that change, and so on in linear sequence, by
analogy to a falling row of dominoes
individually have less standing on end. The domino effect also
relates to chain of events. It can also refer to
power than the one the secret war as the U.S trying to stop the
Hmong from falling into communism and
implementing the strategy. then eventually the whole world.
 This report is a short review of last author's
works in the field of hierarchical
thermodynamics theory, which is the
classical thermodynamic study of hierarchy
dynamics in evolutionary timescales. With
this theory, we are able to develop dynamical
models of equilibrium analysis of
hierarchical structures such as atomic
hierarchies, molecular hierarchies,
nutritional hierarchies, and social
hierarchies. Thermodynamically, we are able
to predict and study their course of evolution
as they approach equilibrium points of
stability and to study energetic transitions
that occur between adjoined hierarchies
An idea whose time has come
• “There is one thing stronger than all the
armies in the world, and that is an idea
whose time has come.”
Victor Hugo
• The time of thermodynamic theory of
biological evolution, aging and origin of life
has come now.
• All conclusions of the hierarchical thermodynamic theory of
aging are in good agreement with centuries-old experience of
mankind and with other reliable facts. It can be hoped that, the
onset the 21st century, a thermodynamic theory should soon
allow us, I believe, to “postpone” aging by 15-20 years on
average, and benefit the preservation of youthfulness and
health in people of any age.
Mountains – Youth, Health
Human Chemistry

Libb Thims

PUBLISHER:

Lulu,

Chicago,

Institute of Human
Thermodynamics

2007
 Institute of Human
Thermodynamics
• FOUNDER / ORGANIZER: Libb Thims - HT-Researcher

• Location: Chicago, Illinois, US Central Office: Chicago,

USA
• 4860 N. Rockwell Chicago, IL 60625-2890

• Georgi P. Gladyshev,

• HT-Researcher, Physical Chemistry Professor,

• Professor of Biomedical Systems,
• BS Chemistry, PhD (Dr. Science) Polymer Chemistry
President: International Academy of Creative Endeavors
• Principal Researcher: Institute of Chemical Physics (RAS)
• Head: Institute of Physico-Chemical Problems of Evolution
Hierarchical Thermodynamics'
Foundation
 Welcome to Wikipedia,
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Physics is the science concerned with Biology studies the variety

the discovery and understanding of of life:
the fundamental laws which govern E. coli, tree fern, gazelle,
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Gerontology and Geriatrics

Gerontology is the study of aging. It is to be

distinguished from Geriatrics, which is the study
of the diseases of the aging (medical studies).
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