MEC251 UNIFIED MECHANICAL ENGINEERING- II

THE COURSE

FLUID MECHANICS
THERMODYNAMICS HEAT TRANSFER

CHAPTER-1
FLUIDS AND FLUID PROPERTIES

FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid

Mechanics is that branch of engineering science which deals with the behavior of fluids under conditions of rest and motion.

DIVISION OF FLUID MECHANICS

i. ii.

STATICS
HYDROSTATICS AEROSTATICS

KINEMATICS DYNAMICS

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

SOLID STATE FLUID STATE LIQUID STATE GASEOUS STATE

i. ii.

FLUID?
A Fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing. OR A Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external shearing force.

Fluids
F

Since thereplate mere deformation (more the This resisting force is, thus, moving,ofasnot does The equilibrium velocity onincreases andtheonfluid The upper is an keeps V dependent the means that equilibrium velocity fluid deformation, the force), velocity deforming. No resisting force is not buildlargerincreases. a equilibrium shear onup resisting forces. keeps force Fbut on deformation rates. state but developing for sure. an equilibrium velocity V of the plate.

Fluids
A fluid at rest cannot sustain any shear force.

CHRACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS

Has no definite shape of its own Continuously deforms under applied external shear force as long as force continues to be applied

TYPES OF FLUIDS

LIQUID GAS VAPOUR

The atoms in a liquid are closely packed while those in a gas are separated by much larger distances.

TYPES OF FLUIDS
IDEAL FLUIDS Examples: Water, Air .

REAL FLUIDS Examples: Lubricating Oils, Kerosene, Slurries .

FLUID PROPERTIES
i. ii. iii.

DENSITY Mass Density Weight Density Specific Volume

SPECIFIC GRAVITY PRESSURE VAPOUR PRESSURE VISCOSITY SURFACE TENSION COMPRESSIBILITY

PRESSURE
The force exerted by a fluid per unit area of vessel containing it is called Pressure. P = F/A The pressure of a fluid on a surface always act normal to the surface. In SI units , Pressure is expressed in N/m^2 or PASCAL(pa).

A womans high heels sink into the soft ground, but the larger shoes of the much bigger man do not.

Pressure = force/area

PRESSURE IN A FLUID

PASCALS LAW:

Pascals law states that the intensity of pressure at any point in a liquid at rest , is same in all the directions.

The pressure exerted on the piston extends uniformly throughout the fluid, causing it to push outward with equal force per unit area on the walls and bottom of the cylinder.

A small force F1 applied to a piston with a small area produces a much larger force F2 on the larger piston. This allows a hydraulic jack to lift heavy objects.

GAUGE AND VACUUM PRESSURES

Actual Pressure at a point

Absolute pressure

Gauge Pressure
-ve gauge, or Vacuum pressure

Atmospheric pressure Actual Pressure at another point

Absolute pressure
Absolute zero pressure