Chemical Bonding: The Covalent Bond Model.

The covalent bond model:

The electron transfer is the mechanism in which ionic bonds are formed; ex: NaCl. Ionic molecule are made of extended array of alternating positive and negative ions. In the covalently bonded compounds the basic structure is the molecule. All ionic compounds are solids at room temperature; while the molecular compounds may be solids (glucose), liquids (methanol) or gases (carbon dioxide. While ionic compounds are a good electrolytes the molecular compounds if soluble in water they produce a non-conducting aqueous solutions.

Lewis Structures for Molecular Compounds:

Using the octet rule and using Lewis dot structure the understanding of bonding in molecular compounds either. Fluorine needs only one electron to achieve the octet of electrons enables it to have a noble gas electron configuration; therefore, it shares one electron with other nonmetals satisfying octet rule. Atoms in covalently bonded molecules often posses both bonding and nonbonding electrons. Bonding electrons: are pairs of electrons of valence electrons that are shared between atoms in a covalent bond.

Nonbonding electrons: are pairs of valence electrons on an atom that are not involved in electron sharing.

Water is a compound in which it has both bonding and nonbonding electrons (at oxygen). H - O H has two bonds in which is resulted from the sharing of H 1S1 and the Oxygen 6 valence electrons making the total of electrons oxygen atom has is 8 (octet rule). The sharing of the oxygen electron with the hydrogen 1 electron will result in hydrogen with 2 electrons (octet rule) becoming an iso-electronic tp He, the nearest Nobel gas. Let us do Example 5.1/ page 102.

Single, Double and Triple bonds:

Single bond: is a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electron (one electron from each atom). Double covalent bonds: is a covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons (4 electrons total 2 from each atom). Double bond is stronger than the single bond. Triple covalent bonds: is a covalent bond in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons (total of 6 3 electrons each atom). Triple bond is the strongest covalent bond among the three. Examples: H2O is made of H and O bonded covalently by single bond. CO2 is made of two O and C bonded covalently by double bonds to each O. ( O=C=O ) Hydrogen cyanide has a triple bonds between C and N, one nonbonding electrons still reside on the nitrogen, and single bonds between the C and H. 5 Can any one draw these?

Let us work on Example 5.1

Valence Electrons and Number of Covalent Bonds Formed.

Not all elements can form double or triple covalent bonds; There must be at least two vacancies in an atoms valence electron shell prior to bond formation if it is to participate in a double bond. At least three vacancies are necessary for triple bond formation. Let us study the possible bonding for O: ( -O- ) has normally two single bonds and two non-bonding pairs of electrons; therefore the max it can do is a double bonds (O= ). Nitrogen on the other hand has three single bonds in normal way:

N
H

N
H
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Coordinate covalent bond:

Coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond in which both electrons of a shared pair come from one of the two atoms involved in the bond.

H O Cl O

Systematic Procedures for Drawing Lewis Structure:

Step 1: Calculate the total number of valence electrons available in the molecule by adding together the valence electron counts for all atoms in the molecule: SO2 molecule has 18 valence electrons available for bonding: S= 6, O = 6, O = 6 ; 6 + 6 + 6 = 18. Step 2: Write the symbols of the atoms in the molecule in the order in which they are bonded to one another and then place a single covalent bond, involving two electrons between each pair of bonded atoms:

O S O
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Step 3: Add nonbonding electron pairs to the structure such that each atoms bonded to the central atoms has an octet of electrons.

Step 4: Place any remaining electrons on the central atom of the structure

Step 5: If there are not enough electrons to give the central atom an octet, then use one or more pairs of nonbonding electrons on the atoms bonded to the central atom to form double or triple bonds.

Step 6: Count the total number of electrons in the completed Lewis Structure to make sure it is equal to the total number of valence electrons available for bonding as calculated in step 1

Let us do Example 5.2/ Page 106-107

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Bonding in compounds with poly-atomic ions present

K K
O

S
O

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Molecular Geometry:
VSEPR Theory: 1) 2) Two electron pairs to be as far apart as possible from one another are found on the opposite sides of a nucleus: 180 degrees apart. Three electron pairs are as far apart as possible when they are found at the corners of an equilateral triangle: 120 degrees apart. A tetrahedral arrangement of electron pairs minimized repulsion among four sets of electron pairs. Tetrahedral is a four-sided solid in which all four sides are identical equilateral triangles. The angle between any two electron pairs is 109 degrees.

3)

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O H
H

H O

Acetylene
N N N H

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Electronegativity:
Electronegativity is a measure of the relative attraction that an atom has for the shared electrons in a bond. An electronegative atom attract more this shared electron than the electropositive atom. The difference in electronegativity among bonded atoms will result in bond polarity: Non-polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in which there is equal sharing of electrons between two atoms. These two atom shall have very close electronegativity values. Polar covalent bonds is a covalent bond in which there is unequal sharing of electrons between two atoms; in which one of these two atoms is more electronegative than the other.

Cl
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Molecular Polarity:
A polar molecule is the one that has an unsymmetrical distribution of electronic charge. Nonpolar molecule is the one that has symmetrical distribution of electronic Charge. O=C=O is a nonpolar molecule. CO is a polar molecule.

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Naming Binary Molecular Compounds:

The full name of the nonmetal of lower electrongative is given first

followed by a separate word containing the stem of the name of the more electronegative nonmetal and the suffix- ide.
Numerical prefixes giving numbers of atoms precede the names of both nonmetals. N2 O : dinitrogen monoxide N2 O3 : dinitrogen trioxide Let us do Example 5.5/ Page 121

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