Electric Vehicles

A/P. Dr. Khisbullah Hudha

Introduction to EVs

EV can be built from the existing ICE Vehicles by replacing the IC engine and fuel tank with an electric motor drive and battery pack while retaining all the other components

Introduction to EVs
EVs use an electric motor for traction, and chemical batteries, fuel cells, ultracapacitors, and/or flywheels for their corresponding energy sources.

Advantages of EVs compared to ICEs: absence of emissions, high efficiency, independence from petroleum, and quiet and smooth operation
Disadvantage: battery has a very low energy density compared to the fuel

Basic Configuration of EV

6 Possible EV Configurations

Permanent Magnet DC Motor

Can be used as an electric power drive In the reverse mechanism, it can also be used as a generator

Performance of EVs
Driving performance of EV is usually evaluated by its acceleration time, maximum speed, and gradeability.

In EV drive train design, proper motor power rating and transmission parameters are the primary considerations to meet the performance specification.

Performance of EVs : Traction Motor Characteristics

In a traction motor, speed ratio (x) is defined as the ratio of its maximum speed to its base speed.

In low-speed operation, voltage supply to the motor increases with the increase of speed through the electronic converter while the flux is kept constant. At the point of base speed, the voltage of the motor reaches the source voltage. After the base speed, the motor voltage is kept constant and the flux is weakened, dropping hyperbolically with increasing speed.

Performance of EVs: Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement

Tractive Effort: the capability of the motor to push/pull the vehicle

Performance of EVs: Vehicle Performance

Maximum Speed (Vmax):

Performance of EVs: Vehicle Performance

Gradeability:
The maximum grade that the vehicle can overcome at the given speed can be calculated by

Performance of EVs: Vehicle Performance

Acceleration Performance:
Acceleration performance of a vehicle is evaluated by the time used to accelerate the vehicle from a low speed V1 (usually zero) to a higher speed (ex: 100 km/h for passenger cars).

Performance of EVs: Tractive Effort in Normal Driving & Energy Consumption

Exc.#1
From the characteristics of an electric motor shown in the Figure, determine: a. the maximum tractive force of the motor. b. If the EV is moving forward with the speed of 5 m/s, determine the speed of the motor (data needed: ratio of transmission, ratio of final drive, driveline efficiency and radius of wheel)