PANEL ANTENNA & ITS TYPES

PRESENTED BY

AKASH RAY

PANEL ANTENNA

ANTENNA- IT IS A TRANSDUCER WHICH

TRANSFORMS WIRE PROPOGATED WAVES SPACE PROPOGATED WAVES. INTO

PRINCIPLE OF ANTENNA CAN BE SHOWN BY BENDING A COAXIAL CABLE OPEN

A) A TRANSMITTER SENDS A HIGH FREQUENCY WAVE INTO A CO-AXIAL CABLE. A PULSING ELECTRICAL FIELD IS CREATED BETWEEN THE WIRES, WHICH CANNOT FREE ITSELF FROM THE CABLE. B) THE END OF THE CABLE IS BENT OPEN. THE FIELD LINES BECOME LONGER AND ARE ORTHOGONAL TO THE WIRES. C) THE CABLE IS BENT OPEN AT RIGHT ANGLES. THE FIELD LINES HAVE NOW REACHED A LENGTH, WHICH ALLOWS THE WAVE TO FREE ITSELF FROM THE CABLE. THE APPARATUS RADIATES AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE, WHEREBY THE LENGTH OF THE TWO BENT PIECES OF WIRE CORRESPONDS TO HALF OF THE WAVE LENGTH.

PANEL ANTENNAS ARE DIVIDED a) b) a) b) c) a) b) c) a) b) c)

ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY BANDSINGLE BAND ANTENNA DUAL BAND ANTENNA ACCORDING TO NO. OF PORTSSINGLE PORT ANTENNA DUAL PORT ANTENNA QUAD PORT ANTENNA ACCORDING TO POLARIZATIONSINGLE POLARISED ANTENNA DUAL POLARISED ANTENNA CROSS POLARISED ANTENNA ACCORDING TO RADIATION PATTERNOMNI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA BI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA UNI DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

SINGLE BAND ANTENNA-

GSM 800 BAND GSM 900 BAND GSM 1800 BAND GSM 900 P GSM 900 E GSM 1900 GSM 2100 CDMA WCDMA OR UMTS BAND CDMA 2000

 DUAL BAND ANTENNA 1. GSM 900 & GSM 1800 2. GSM 900 & CDMA 3. GSM 1800 & CDMA 4. GSM 1800 & 3G 5. GSM 900 & 3G 6. CDMA & 3G

PORTS OF PANEL ANTENNA

 SINGLE PORT ANTENNA-

DUAL PORT ANTENNA-

QUAD PORT ANTENNA-

 Antenna Polarization

Electromagnetic radio signal propagate through the air in two polarizations, electric field (E-field) or magnetic field (H-field), crossing 90-degree each other. An antenna polarization is relative to the E-field of antenna. If the E-field is horizontal, than the antenna is Horizontally Polarized. If the E-field is vertical, than the antenna is Vertically Polarized. No matter what polarity you choose, all antennas in the same RF network must be polarized identically regardless of the antenna type.Using a correct polarized antenna, it would be possible for us to:

Increase isolation on unwanted signal source. Cross polarization (x-pol) discrimination is around 20-25 dB.

Reducing interference.
Defining coverage area.

Polarization +45/-45
It is also possible to use dipoles at +45/45 instead of horizontally and vertically (0/90) placed. One now has two identical systems which are able to handle both horizontally and vertically polarized components. This combination brings certain advantages in flat regions because the horizontal components are fewer due to the fewer reflections. A further advantage is that both antenna systems can be used to transmit. Experiments have shown that pure horizontal polarization achieves considerably lower results than vertical polarization when transmitting.

Horizontal and Vertical Polarization

The dipoles of both antenna systems are horizontally and vertically polarized respectively. A spacial separation is not necessary which means that the differently polarized dipoles can be mounted in a common housing. Sufficient isolation can be achieved even if the dipoles are interlocked into one unit so that the dimensions of a dualpolarized antenna are not greater than that of a normal polarized antenna. As a result there are the following advantages: 2 antennas only are now needed per sector: 1 x hor./vert. for polarization diversity 1 x vert. for Tx A minimum horizontal spacing is only required between the antennas, the antennas can also be mounted one above the other on the same mast. This makes the complete sector very compact, thereby easing permission procedures.

Antenna DowntiltingDowntilting is the method of effectively adjusting the vertical radiation pattern of the antenna to increase the amount of power radiated downwards. Downtilting can be used to increase the amount of coverage close to the site where "nulls" (holes) may exist due to the effective height of the antenna. Downtilting can also be used to reduce Co-Channel Interference" caused by reflections or undesired RF propagation beyond a pre-determined footprint. There are principally two types of antenna downtilting possible, mechanical and electronic.

Mechanical downtilting can be achieved through the mechanical adjustment of an antennas physical position. The main advantage of the mechanical type of downtilting is the ease (dependent upon location) of mechanically adjusting the antennas direction following system optimization.

DUAL BAND ANTENNAXX POL SYSTEM

 Antennas have to fulfill stringent specifications for the

growing complexity of modern networks regarding - radiation pattern exactness - cross polar ratio (dual polarization) - isolation - intermodulation - adjustable electrical downtilt (specificlly for UMTS / IMT 2000) - mechanical performance

Omnidirectional Antenna usually used at the Access Point (AP). It has 360-degree radiation pattern. Sectoral Antenna usually used at the Access Point (AP). It has higher gain than omnidirectional antenna, but normally only cover much reduced area 90 to 180-degree coverage. Directional Antenna usually used at the client side. It has high gain, it is normally aimed to the Access Point (AP).

CONCLUSIONThe primary objective for a proper antenna location and choice of an appropriate diversity scheme is to provide a uniform coverage within the cell area and minimum interference to and from other BTS antennae. Choice of antenna location ( cell site ) is based on proper containment of coverage and alignment of the sites in to a specific hexagonal pattern Containment of Coverage in Urban/Suburban areas: In Urban areas, the following conditions usually exist:
Several Sites may be needed Frequency reuse is unavoidable In-building penetration is a must.

THANK

YOU