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Definition
The assignment of value(s) to a population parameter based on
In inferential statistics, is called the true population mean Other population parameters include median, mode, variance, and standard deviation
Suppose the U.S. Census Bureau wanted to find the mean housing
expenditure incurred by households, they need to contact every household in the United States to find the value of
too expensive
very time consuming virtually impossible to contact every member of a population to
Definition
The value(s) assigned to a population parameter based on the
value of a sample statistic is called an estimate. The sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter is called an estimator.
Definition
The value of a sample statistic that is used to estimate a
Example
Suppose the Census Bureau takes a sample of 10,000
households and determines that the mean housing expenditure per month, x is $1970. Then, using x as a point estimate of , the Bureau can state that the mean housing expenditure per
Y = { 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, 1.3, 1.9, 1.5, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0}
Z ~ N( , 1.5) has a sample mean x = 45.3 Z ~ N( , ) has a sample mean x = 12.9 and a standard
deviation s = 0.25
Definition
In interval estimation, an interval is constructed around the
Suppose we subtract $340 from $1970 and add $340 to $1970. We obtain the interval ($1970 $340) to ($1970 + $340), or $1630 to $2310. We state that the interval $1630 to $2310 is likely to contain , and
that the mean housing expenditure per month for all households in
the United States is between $1630 and $2310.
The number we add to and subtract from the point estimate is called the margin of error
Definition
The confidence interval is given as
states how much confidence we have that this interval contains the true population parameter.
Confidence coefficient = (1 ) Confidence level = (1 )100%
Point estimate
Margin of error, e Lower confidence limit Upper confidence limit Sample size, n
The standard deviation for a population is = 15.3. A sample of 36 observations selected from this population gave a mean equal to 74.8.
a) Make a 90% confidence interval for .
Definition
The t-distribution is a specific type of bell-shaped distribution
with a lower height and a wider spread than the standard normal distribution.
As the sample size becomes larger, the t-distribution
freedom (v ).
Formula
v=n1
Example : Suppose a boat can carry a maximum number of 3 people with maximum total weight 140kg. Person number 1 Person number 2 : : 45kg 55kg
Notice that the total weight is already 100kg for two people. We have no choice but to select a third person with weight 40kg or lower. We are not free to choose the third person to ride the boat. Degree of freedom, v = 3 1 = 2
or
Based on the diagram below
P(T 1.746) = ? t., = ?
P(T -2.457), v = 30
P(T -1.701), v = 28
Example
Using the statistical table, find
Exercise
Using the statistical table, find
Condition
n < 30
n 30
Case 1 : known n 30
1)
2) 3)
4)
randomly, then with the same assumption from above, construct the 99% confidence interval of the mean depth.