TERRORISM

Group 6
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Contents
Introduction Aim /objective of terrorism History Types of terrorism Methods of spreading terror Major terror acts Effect on society Measures taken by government Conclusion

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Introduction(contd.)
Britannica:
The systematic use of terror (such as bombings, killings, and kidnappings) as a means of forcing some political objective. When used by a government, it may signal efforts to stifle dissent; used by insurrectionists or guerrillas, it many be part of an overall effort to effect desired political change.

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Introduction(contd.)
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives

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Introduction(contd.)
In the international community, however, terrorism has no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition Terrorism is a major problem all over the world

Is an unlawful act of violence

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Introduction(contd.)
Intimidates governments and societies

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Aims/objectives of terrorism
Has been used to achieve political ends(nationalists, separatists) since long Religious or ideological objectives Also used to create social unrest

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History
66 72 A.D. Resistance to Roman occupation

Suicidal martyrdom

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History(contd.)
Terrorism- coined in the French Revolutions Reign of Terror (1793 1794)

Was the birth of Government-Sponsored Terrorism

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History(contd.)
Middle 20th century, terrorism became a tool used by both sides of colonial conflicts

In the last 20 years of 20th century, religion-based terrorism became more and more frequent

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Types of terrorism

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Types of terrorism
Nationalist Religious

State-sponsored
Left-wing Right-wing

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Types of terrorism(contd.)
Nationalist
Seek to form a separate state for their own national group, often by drawing attention to a fight for national liberation E.g. Khalistan movement, LTTE

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Types of terrorism(contd.)
Religious
Religious terrorists use violence to expand their religion Used in combination with other factors, and sometimes as the primary motivation

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Types of terrorism(contd.)
State sponsored
State-sponsored terrorist groups are deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy tools Hoffman puts it, as a cost-effective way of waging war covertly, through the use of surrogate warriors or guns for hire.

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Types of terrorism(contd.)
Left-wing
Try to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime. Heavily influenced by Marxist and other communist and socialist thought.

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Types of terrorism(contd.)
Right-wing
Often associated with neo-Nazi street rioting in Western Europe These groups Often dominated by skinheads, seek to do away with liberal democratic governments and create fascist states in their place The objective overthrow existing governments and their replacement with nationalist governments
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Some renowned groups

Al-Qaida
Lashkar-e-Tayyaba Jaish-e-Mohammed Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam(LTTE) Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
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Modes of spreading terror

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Modes of spreading Terror

Bombings
Bioterrorism Kidnapping Assassination

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Modes(contd.)
Bombings Terrorists use bombs to damage buildings or vehicles as well as to kill or injure Hidden and set off with timers Suicide bombers
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Modes(contd.)
Bioterrorism Chemical or biological agents are released into the atmosphere Anthrax (caused by Bacillus anthracis)

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Modes(contd.)
Kidnapping Individuals or groups are kidnapped and held hostage in return for some demand.

Government officials, members of the press, and foreign nationals are the most frequent victims of kidnapping

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Modes(contd.)
Assassination Assassinations of government leaders or diplomats, with the intention of causing a government or a powerful political movement to collapse. E.g. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi

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Major terrorist attacks

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Major attacks(contd.)

September 11, 2001, New York

Considered as deadliest terrorist attack in history Orchestrated by Osama Bin Ladens terrorist organization Al Qaeda In total 2,995 people, including the hijackers, died

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Major attacks(contd.)
November 26,2008,Mumbai
Series of ten bombings and shooting across the city. Started on November 26th and continued till 29th. Major places that were attacked are Taj Mahal Palace, Oberoi Trident, Chatrapathi Sivaji Terminus, and the Nariman House.
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Major attacks(contd.)
At least 164 victims and 9 terrorists died. 28 victims were of foreign nationalities 15 policemen and 2 NSG commandoes lost their lives MOHAMMAD AJMAL AMIR KASAB, is the only terrorist caught alive during the operation
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Major attacks(contd.)
The 7 July 2005 London bombings
Series of co-ordinated suicide attacks Targeting civilians using London's public transport system during the morning rush hour 52 people and 4 bombers were killed

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Major attacks(contd.)
Attack on Indian parliament
On 13 December 2001 the Parliament of India was attacked. 45-minute gun battle in which 9 policemen and parliament staff were killed. LeT & JeM were blamed for the attack
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Major attacks(contd.)
In December 2002, four JeM members were caught by Indian authorities and put on trial

All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident
One of the accused, MOHAMMAD AFZAL GURU, was sentenced to the death penalty for the incident
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Major attacks(contd.)
11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings
Series of seven bomb blasts Pressure cooker bombs were set off on trains plying the Western line of the Suburban Railway network 209 people killed and over 700 injured
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Major attacks(contd.)
Three people were arrested on 21 July 2006

One of Indias most wanted ABDUL KARIM TUNDA was arrested in Kenya on suspicions of involvement in the train bombings

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Major attacks(contd.)
Akshardham Temple attack September 25, 2002
Two heavily armed terrorists arrived at Akshardham.
29 devotees killed and 79 wounded. 1 state police officer and 1 commando also died in the action
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Major attacks(contd.)
Delhi Serial bombings 29 October 2005
Three explosions at three different places The blasts took place in the busy markets of Central Delhi 62 killed and at least 210 injured
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Major attacks(contd.)

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Effects on society

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Effects on society
Poses a serious law and order problem

Causes communal/religious/regional hatred in society

May also result in disintegration of government

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Effects on society(contd.)
Create atmosphere of suspicion, fear and panic all around Organized crime and violence cause social disharmony

Heavy expenditure on the part of government

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Effects on society(contd.)
Migration of people away from affected area e.g. Chhattisgarh, Assam etc.

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Measures taken by Govt.

Prevention Of Terrorist Activities Act(POTA)
Implemented in 2002
Defined what a terrorist act and a terrorist is Grants special powers to the investigating authorities
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Measures taken by Govt.

National security guard(NSG)
Setup as a Special Response Unit Works under ministry of home affairs

Also known as Black Cats

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Measures taken by Govt.

Force one
Elite commando force Esp. to guard Mumbai metropolitan area

Parent agency Mumbai Police

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Measures taken by Govt.

Anti terrorist squad(ATS)
Consists of 30-35 police officers Orgnisation was terminated in 1993 but was reformed in 2004

Major role in 2008 Mumbai attacks and lost its two senior officials
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Measures taken by Govt.

Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)
India's external intelligence agency Formed in September 1968 after the poor performance of the Intelligence Bureau

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Conclusion
Terrorism is one of the worst perils of society
It poses a very serious threat to humanity Immediate need to curb terror attacks Governments should take preventive measures e.g. education, general awareness, etc.

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Conclusion(contd.)
People should avoid panic situations in case of attacks, there should be a proper evacuation and reaction plan in place
Instant and rigorous action against terrorists and terrorism

Eradicating poverty and providing social equality should go a long way in helping curb terrorism

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Thank you
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