ENERGY CHANGES & STATES OF MATTER

CHANGE OF STATE

GAS
Evaporation
Boiling point

Condensation

LIQUID
Melting
Melting* point

Freezing

SOLID

When a liquid EVAPORATES, the energy to BREAK THE BONDS between the liquid particles is taken from the liquid...

ENERGY OUT

...which cools down

Higher continue to speed distribution Foundation jump to examples

In a liquid (or a gas) where the particles are moving around, they move at DIFFERENT SPEEDS.

SLOW

FAST

When a liquid evaporates, only some of the particles have enough energy to escape the liquid (evaporate). Because the high energy particles escape, the AVERAGE energy of those left behind GOES DOWN so the liquid cools
Number of particles

These move too slowly so stay behind in liquid

These move fast enough to escape

Energy Energy needed to escape the liquid

What happens when the temperature of the liquid increases?

Number of particles

0C

40C

70C
100C

Particles need to move faster than 750 m/s to escape the liquid
What happens to the rate of evaporation as the temperature increases? Why? What else do you notice about the graph for 100C ?

Evaporation ABSORBS ENERGY from the surroundings which COOL DOWN

Unglazed clay pot soaked in water cools as water evaporates

Liquids which evaporate quickly feel COLD on the skin

When a gas CONDENSES, energy released by making new bonds between the liquid particles goes into the liquid.....

ENERGY PUT IN

...which heats up.

Condensation RELEASES ENERGY to the surroundings which HEAT UP

Water vapour condensing on a cold window warms it up.

The heat released by the condensation of water vapour over the ocean provides most of the kinetic energy of a hurricane

When a gas EXPANDS, the energy needed for the particles to move further apart is taken from the surroundings...

...which cool down.

When a gas expands quickly it cools down

Gas expanding out of a CO2 cylinder leaves it covered in frost

Aerosol sprays get very cold as the gas inside expands (the mist that can be seen is droplets of liquid mixed with the gas)

When a gas is COMPRESSED, the energy used to force the particles closer together ends up giving them extra kinetic energy..

ENERGY PUT IN

...so the gas heats up.

When a gas is compressed quickly it heats up.

The valve on a bicycle pump can get very hot when air is pumped hard through it

In a fire piston the air is compressed so quickly it gets hot enough to ignite cotton wool put inside

In a DIESEL ENGINE air is compressed so much it gets hot enough to ignite the fuel
FUEL

EXHAUST

AIR

Air (blue) is drawn in (1) The air is COMPRESSED and HEATS UP (2) Fuel is injected and explodes (3) Exhaust gases (brown) are pushed out (4)

SUMMARY

COMPRESSING a gas HEATS IT UP

CONDENSATION causes HEATING

EXPANDING a gas COOLS IT DOWN EVAPORATION causes COOLING