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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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Transmission Techniques
CDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
TDMA
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, GSM and DAMPS
Power
FDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Analog to Digital
Voice to Broadband
PDC
3G provides:
Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency
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Difference of 3G Standards
CDMA2000 3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA 3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
3G system
CWTS
TDD mode
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins
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IS95A 9.6kbps
IS95B 115.2kbps
CDMA2000 1x 307.2kbps
Heavier
1995
1998
2000 2003
Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity Higher packet data rate and more diversified services Smooth transit to 3G
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Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Development of Mobile Communicatins 1.2 Development of CDMA System
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Questions
How many standards are there in 3G? How to understand the three techniques of multi-access? How many network elements are there in CDMA2000 1X network?
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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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Receiving
Direct Sequence Spread spectrum system mixes the input data with a fast
mixed with the incoming wideband signal to recover the original information.
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Spread sequence
Spread signal
Spread sequence
Recover signal
Spectrum-domain Analysis
Power spectrum of information signal(narrow band) P() Power spectrum of spread signal(broad band) P() Spread
P() Add
P()
P() integral/filtering
De-spread
P()
Correlation
(a)
(b)
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Orthogonal Function
Sequence 1#
Sequence 2#
1#2 #
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Multiple Access
Information bit 1#
Sequence 2#
Spread Signal 2#
Multiple Access
Mixed Signal
Spread Sequence 1#
De-spread Signal
Multiple Access
Mixed Signal
Spread Sequence 2#
De-spread Signal
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Communication Model
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Source coding
Channel Coding
Scrambling
Spread
Modulation
RF transit
1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding
Unscrambling
De-Spread
Demodulation
RF receive
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Source Coding
Channel Coding
Channel Coding: Convolution
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding Encoding efficiency= (total input bits total output symbols)
00110001
MUX
Bit 00001011
Register
Symbol 0000110100101011
Channel Coding
Channel Coding: Interleaving
Transmission direction Input:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Write by row
Interleaver
Read by column
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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Channel Coding
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Without channel coding, receiver cant correct any errors
1 1 1 0 10 1 1 0 11 1 1 0 1 1 101 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 Source 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 11 1
1101
After convolution, receiver can correct errors. But recovery capability is restricted by encoding complexity.
1 0 1 1
Through the interleaving, the consecutive error codes can be corrected HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 27
Page 28
Out
Maximum number of shift register (N) Mask The period of out put sequence is 2N -1 bits Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
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The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242 -1chips The functions of a long code:
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Wn Wn Wn Wn
W1=0 W2=
0 0 0 1
0 0 W4 = 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
code is orthogonal to other A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101 code in W4 matrix Walsh code is used to spread the forward traffic channel
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BTS A BTS B
BTS C
A PN sequence (short code) with period of 215 bits, is used with 64bits offset. That is
512 total PN available to identify the 512 sectors/BTSs.
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B C
MS-C
0101010
MS-B
Each MS has unique Walsh code. Normally CDMA2000 uses 64 array Walsh codes
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MS-C
MS-H
MS-G
MS-A MS-F MS-D MS-E
MS-B
A PN sequence (long code) with period of 242-1 bits which is used to Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel and identify the MS. A unique ESN is used as mask to achieve unique starting point HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 35
Modulation
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Questions
How to understand spreading and multi access? What is the main function of each step in communication model ? How to understand the three types of codes in CDMA2000 1X ? Why do we say CDMA system is self interference system ?
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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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Technology Of CDMA2000
Power control Rake Receiver Soft handoff
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Power Control
Far/near problem exists in wireless system
no power control
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Power Control
CDMA is a self-interference system
no power control
Power Control
Classification Of Power Control
According to the directions, power control can be divided into:
Power Control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
Distance from the base station Load of the cell Circumstance of the code channels The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received power.
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factors:
Power Control
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control Bit
Page 44
Power Control
Fast Forward Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt
Eb/Nt Comparator
FER
FER Measurement
BTS
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MS
RAKE Receiver
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RAKE Receiver
90
Recover signal from single path and adjust its time delay Correlator 1
Combiner
90
0
Correlator 2
output
Receive set
RAKE receiver can mitigates multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system.
Correlator 3
Searcher correlator
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Soft Handoff
Pilot Sets
Searcher correlator
All pilot that can be detected by searcher correlator is classify to four pilot set. An active pilot is a pilot whose paging or traffic channels are actually being monitored or used.
Active Set
The pilot that not in the active set but potential to be demodulated
The pilot that not included in the active set or the candidate set but being possible to be added in the candidate set Other pilot
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Soft Handoff
Soft Handoff And Softer Handoff
Soft/softer handoff means
MS can keep traffic channel with two or more sectors. Soft handoffinvolves traffic channel from more than one BTS and Multipath combination in the BSC. Softer handoffinvolves traffic channel from two or more sectors of one BTS and Multi-path combination in the BTS.
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Soft Handoff
Important Parameters of Soft handoff
Sector A Sector B
Ec/Io
DropThreshold (T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region Time T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff. T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot. T_TDROP is a timer.
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Soft Handoff
Dynamic Soft Handoff
Pilot strengt h P1 P2
T_ADD
T_DRO P
T_TDROP
T_TDROP
TIME
Candidate Set
Neighbor Set
1. P2>T_ADD 2. P2> [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS1) + ADD_INTERCEPT/2]. 4. P1< [(SOFT_SLOPE/8) * 10 * log10(PS2) +DROP_INTERCEPT/2] 7. P1<T_DROP HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 51
Questions
Why CDMA system need power control ? What is the function of the RAKE receiver ? What is the difference between hard handoff and soft handoff ? Why can CDMA system support soft handoff ?
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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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Sync Ch bits
1.2kbps
Convolution encoder
r=1/2,K=9
2.4kbps
symbol repetition
4.8kbps
Block interleaving
4.8kbps
The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the
network. W32 is used to spread Sync Channel. The synchronization message includes: Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN System time: SYS_TIME Long code state: LC_STATE Paging channel rate: P_RAT Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps
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encoder r=1/2,K=9
Symbol repetition
19.2kbps
Block interleaving
19.2kbps
9.6/4.8 kbps
19.2/9.6Kbps
19.2kbps
W164 decimator
1.2288Mcps
System parameters message Access parameters Neighbors list CDMA channels list message The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading
Baseband filter
+
I(t)
MUX
QPSK Modulation
Walsh code
+
decimator
Baseband filter
+
Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Cos(2pfct)
+
Data burst randomizer
Baseband filter
I(t)
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Q Ch PN sequence (1.2288 Mcps) HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 59
Sin(2pfct)
Baseband filter
I(t)
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Symbol repetition
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1.28S
... 2047 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
F-PCH 80ms
F-QPCH
A1 1 20ms
B1 2 20ms
A2 3 20ms
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channel.
F-DCCH can carry user data that is
typically low-rate.
24 information bits
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W08 =00000000 W48 =00001111 W28 =00110011 W68 =00111100 W18 =01010101 W14 =0101 W58 =01011010
( W016 ,W816) ( W416 ,W1216 ) ( W216 ,W1416 ) ( W616 ,W1416 ) ( W116,W916 ) ( W516 ,W1316 ) ( W316 ,W1116 )
W02 =00
32
W01 =0
W24 =0011
16 8 4 2 1
( W716,W1516 )
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Reverse Pilot Channel Power Control Bit The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel Initialization Tracing Reverse Coherent Demodulation Power Control Measurement
Base station enhances the received
Pilot
MUX
Power Control
performance and increases the capacity by means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse Pilot Channel.
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Page 66
initiate communication with the base station and to respond to a Paging Channel message transmit its access request T preamble
R-EACH Data
only carry user traffic data and does not carry any signaling traffic Should be set up and torn down rather quickly
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RC Combination Regulation
Forward Radio Configuration
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD FEC Encoding Modulation Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Radio Configuration 1** 2** 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
Spreading Rate 1 1 1 1 3 3
1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/8 1/6 1/3 1/4 or 1/3 1/2or 1/3
Effective FEC Code Rate 1/3 1/2 1/4 (1/2) 3.8 1/4 (1/3) 1/4 (1/2)
Conv. Conv Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo
FEC Encoding Modulation Conv 64-ary ortho Conv 64-ary ortho Conv or Turbo BPSK Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo BPSK BPSK BPSK
RC Combination Regulation
RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively
F-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
R-FCH RCs RC 1 RC 2
RC 3 RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4
Rules:
F-DCCH/SCH RCs RC 3
R-DCCH/SCH RCs
RC 3 RC 4 RC 5 RC 4
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Questions
How many types channels are there in I595 system ? And what
give reasons?
How do you understand radio configuration ?
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Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Principle of Spreading Chapter 3 Technology of CDMA2000 Chapter 4 Physical Layer of CDMA2000 Chapter 5 Number Planning
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2 digits
MCC
MSIN
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31
24 23
18 17
Manufacturers number
Retained
Equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone) The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.
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MAC
H 0 H 1 H 2H
ABCD
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CC
MAC
44
H 0H 1H 2
ABC
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MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460. MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of Unicom is 03. LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code. 0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
For example, 460030100
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defined by the engineering department. The first 3 digits and the last digit represent the base station number and the sector number respectively. For an omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number 123
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SID/NID
SID=M
NID= t NID= u NID= v
SID=L
SID=K SID=N
and networks that are identified respectively by the system identification (SID) and network identification (NID).
The system judges whether the MS is roaming according to the SID
and NID.
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Summary
Summary
communication mode
Three key techniques The physical layer of IS95 and CDMA2000
Page 81
Thank You
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