is an organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids, electrolytes and lymph), gases, hormones, blood cells,

etc. to and from cells in the body. to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and ph to maintain homeostasis.

is made up of the vessels and the muscles that help and control circulation of blood. Circulation- the flow of the blood around the body.

WILLIAM HARVEY- discovered the

circulation of the blood and the roles of the heart in propelling it. He had no microscope, the only concept that was missing in his findings was the role of capillaries.

MARCELO MALPHIGI discovered the

role of capillaries later.

 Both of these types of systems have three basic components:

A

circulatory fluid (blood).

RBC WBC Platelets

set of tubes (blood vessels).

arteries veins capillaries

muscular pump (the heart).

Oxygen rich blood

Heart Vein

Arteries

Capillaries

Oxygen rich blood

 In

insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs, blood (hemolymph) bathes the organs directly in an open circulatory system.

 In

a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. Closed systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells.

 Humans

and other vertebrates have a closed circulatory system called the cardiovascular system. flows in a closed cardiovascular system consisting of blood vessels and a two- to four-chambered heart.

Blood

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The circulatory system is comprised of the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph vessels, and lymph glands, which work together to supply the body tissues with nourishment and collect waste materials.

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HEART

-pumping station

The Blood Vessels - circulating veins a. arteries b. veins c. capillaries Blood - circulating fluid a. RBC b. WBC c. Platelets

Distribute nutrients, Transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, (Gas exchange) Distribute secretions of endocrine glands,

Prevent excessive bleeding,

Prevent infection Regulate body temperature.

 Heart-

is a hallow cone- shaped, muscular organ, situated in the thorax between the lungs and above the central depression of the diaphragm.

Function of Heart:
pumps

fluid that contains water and nutrients such as proteins, fats, and sugars

Location of the heart:

In the Center of our body

 About size of your fist Consist mainly of cardiac muscle Heart is divided into 4 chambers namely:
Right atrium Left atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle

 A series of valves open to allow blood flow from one chamber to the next. A muscle wall called the septum separates the left and right side of the heart.

4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

Septum

The atria (atrium) - Receiving Chambers The ventricles - Pumping Chambers The Valve - Controls the flow and prevent back flow of blood The Septum - Divide the Heart

The atria (atrium) - Receiving Chambers The ventricles - Pumping Chambers

The Septum - Divide the Heart - Pumping Chambers

The Valve - Controls the flow and prevent back flow of blood

Four

2. 1. Tricuspid
valve

3. Biscupid or mitral valve

4. Aortic valve

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Two Valves which lie between the atria and the ventricles are: 1. Right atrioventricular valve: - also known as tricuspid valve, because it has three flaps or cups. 2. Left atrioventricular valve: - also know as mitral or bicuspid valve, because it has two flaps

Four

2.Pulmona2. ry valve
1. Tricuspid
valve

3. Biscupid or mitral valve

4. Aortic valve

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 Semilunar

valve:

- whose flaps resemble half moons, between the ventricle and their attached vessels.

2 types of semilunar valve:

1. Pulmonary semilunar valve -Lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk 2. Aortic semilunar valve: -Lies between the left ventricle and the aortic artery.

Heart rate also known as Pulse rate:

- wave effect that passes down the walls of arterial blood vessels - is the number of Heart beat per minute - The average heart rate is 65 to 75 beats per minute; rates vary depending on the level of activity.
Systole:

- Heart muscle contracts Diastole: - The relaxation of muscle - when ventricles full with blood

Cardiac conduction system: - responsible for rhythmic contraction of the heart .

Lab dub - sounds of the heart is due to the contraction
of heart muscle to pump blood to the different body organs. Two types of Cardiac muscle: Sinoatrial Node (SA)- initiates heart beat - sends out excitation impluse Atriventicular node (AV)- signals the ventricle to contract

 Epinephrine

Hormones released by the adrenal gland.

norepinephrine

Taking a pulse (heart rate):

To find your resting pulse, count your pulse after you have been sitting or resting quietly for at least 10 minutes. You can easily check your pulse on the inside of your wrist, below your thumb. Gently place 2 fingers of your other hand on this artery. Do not use your thumb because it has its own pulse that you may feel. Count the beats for 30 seconds; then double the result to get the number of beats per minute.

You can also check your pulse in the carotid artery. This is located in your neck, on either side of your windpipe. Be careful when checking your pulse in this location, especially if you are older than 65. If you press too hard, you may become lightheaded and fall.

Name: ________________________ _________________________ Date: ________________________ Pulse rate during seating position: ____beats per minute Pulse rate after strenuous activity: ____beats per minute Why does your heart rate increase during physical activities?

______________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________.

Is like a series of pipelines delivering water from the water station to our homes. Blood is carried through out the body by a vast network of blood vessels

Veins

Arteries Capillaries

1. Arteries: are blood vessels that move away from the heart. Thick walled, muscular Elastic Carries oxygenated blood - Except pulmonary artery It is larger than the vein Carried under great pressure Arterioles:: small venule, enter line Steady pulsating

Pulmonary Circulation

Oxygen- rich Blood Oxygen- poor Blood

The aorta large arteries carries and distributes oxygen rich blood to all arteries. Most major arteries branch off from the aorta, with the exception of the main pulmonary artey.

 The

aorta is the largest artery in the body. Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The aorta arises from the left ventricle of the heart, forms an arch, then extends down to the abdomen, where it branches off into two smaller arteries.

Blood Vessels

1. Veins: these are blood vessels that move blood carrying waste products toward the heart. - Veins have Valves, which is a flap of tissue that prevents the back flow of blood and keeps in one direction. These valves allow for muscle contractions and movement of body parts.

2. Veins:
- carries Blood that contain waste and CO2 Except pulmonary vein - Blood is not under much pressure - Veins have Valve Venules: vein attach to capillaries

Pulmonary Circulation

Oxygen- rich Blood Oxygen- poor Blood

Oxygen- rich Blood Oxygen- poor Blood

3. Capillaries: - are a small microscopic blood vessels - where in vein and artery are connected to it. - The walls of most capillaries are only one cell thick.

capillaries - the sites of chemical exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid.

 Two

mechanisms regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds. In one mechanism, contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an arteriole constricts the vessel.

The total circulatory system is divided into two main parts:

Pulmonary circulation, and

Systemic circulation.

 Blood

that is low in oxygen returns to the heart through two large veins called the Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava, which carry O2 poor Blood that is relatively high in CO2 , enter the right atrium. right atrium sends blood through an right atrioventricular valve (known as Tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle

The

 The

right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. pulmonary artery, which carry O2 poor Blood quickly divides into two branches. In the lungs the pulmonary arteries branch into capillaries that surround the alveoli. branch of the pulmonary artery carries blood to a lung.

The

Each

 The

oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. It sends blood through an left antrioventricular valve (known as Bicuspid valve or mitral valve) to the left ventricle.

The

left ventricle sends blood through the aortic valve into the aorta to the body proper.

Pulmonary Circulation
LUNGS

Oxygen- rich Blood Oxygen- poor Blood

Pulmonary Circulation

Oxygen- rich Blood Oxygen- poor Blood

 The

aorta and vena cava are the major blood vessels in the systemic circuit. time to trace the path of blood to any organ in the body you need only to start with the left ventricle, the proper branch of the aorta, the organ and the vein returning blood to the vena cava, which enters the right atrium. contain O rich blood

This

Arteries

Lungs

or biscupid

Left ventricle

Aorta

artery

lower leg capillaries

veins right atrium inferior vena cava

 The

lymphatic system is part of the immune system and acts as a secondary (accessory) or other circulatory system. of the lymphatic system:

Functions

remove excess fluids from body tissues,

absorb fatty acid and transport fat to circulatory system, and

produce immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells).

Lymph

vessels have very thin walls, that carry a clear fluid called lymph

Flow of Blood & Lymph Within Tissue

 Lymph

is considered a part of the interstitial fluid, A clear, watery, sometimes faintly yellowish fluid -derived from body tissues that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system, - Lymph acts to remove bacteria and brings them to lymph nodes to be destroyed and certain proteins from the tissues, transport fat from the small intestine, and supply mature lymphocytes to the blood. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils.

BLOOD
Water

 is

a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells It is composed of cells blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels Blood volume is greater in Males than in Female.

Adult:
4

to 6 liters of blood

 Blood is the fluid tissue in the body. It is composed of cells

Blood
Plasma 45% cells

Is the liquid portion of Blood , it is pale yellowish liquid that is about 92% water. The remaining 8% is made up of a dissolved complex mixture of various substances.

92% H2O

Plasma

8% fats, proteins, ions, sugars, amino acids and nitrogenous waste

Centrifuge machine

1. a. b.

c.
d.

Soluble Protein which consist of the following: Serum albuminSerum Globulin Fibrinogen play important Prothrombin part in the clotting of blood. Also present are antibodies, which are involved in fighting diseases.

2. Dissolved material salts such as:

a. b. c.

chlorides, Bicarbonates and Sulfates and Phosphate of sodium and potasium

3. Food substances: - Such as glucose, amino acids, fats and vitamins.

4. Excretory products: - Like urea, uric acid, and creatinine, Carbon dioxide is present as bicarbonate ions.

1. is the transporting medium of the body in which materials move from one organ to another and one part of the body to another. 2. Helps to maintain uniform temperature.

3. To regulate acid base balance.

4. To defend against infection.

Hormones from the glands to parts of the body which require them. Heat produced in respiring body tissues, especially the muscles and liver and distributes it throughout the body, thereby maintaining a uniform body temperature Oxygen combined with hemoglobin, from the lungs to all parts of the body

- There are three types of blood cells suspended in the plasma of the blood They are the: a. Red blood cells b. White blood cells c. Platelets

Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocyte

means red and cytes means cells. Rbc does not contain nucleus. It contain hemoglobin (Protein iron that gives color to the RBC). It can change shape to an amazing extent without breaking as it squeeze single line through the capillaries.
Erthro

Transport of: - Oxygen - Carbon dioxide produced in red bone- marrow of: - ribs - humerus - femur - sternum and other long bones RBCs live 120 days Old RBCs are destroyed in the liver and spleen

Hemoglobin is from the word Heme- iron globin- protein Anemia is a condition caused by low levels of red blood cells and Hemoglobin Caused of ANEMIA:

Loss of blood due to injury, Infaestations of blood- sucking parasites or Low levels of red blood cells production due to poor nutrition

 Less

abundant than RBC Larger than erythrocyte (RBC) White in color / do not contain HEMOGLOBIN Contain nucleus WBC live for a month - most for just few days. Irregular in shape Two main types of WBC Phagocytes- engulf bacteria Lymphocytes fight diseases by making antibodies to destroy invader by dissolving it.

 Granulocytes

Neutrophils- fight diseases Eosinophils- fight infection as well as allergies Basophils- responsible for the sympthoms, including inflammation Abscess- a concentartion are of Pus Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes- release antibodies Monocytes- absorb bacteria through phagocytosis

 Thrombocytes

are not true cells but fragments of cytoplasm from certain bone marrow Oval in shaped disc that are form in the bone marrow Platelets are produced from megakaryocytes Fragment of RBC that play an important part in the clotting of Blood When a blood vessels is damaged it help to prevent blood loss, proteins (CHON) in the Blood Plasma form a long sticky strands of a substance called FIBRIN

 Blood

Clotting- is called Blood Coagulation it is important in reducing blood loss caused by injury and healing the injury.

1.Transport function 2.Protective function

Blood acts as a transport medium carrying various substances from one part of the body to another. Digested food substances from the intestines to all parts of the body Excretory products from the tissues to the respective excretory organs for removal.

Some Metabolic waste being removed from the body are: a. Nitrogenous waste materials ( urea, uric acid, creatinine).
b.

Carbon Dioxide Hormones from the glands to parts of the body which require them.

Heat produced in respiring body tissues, especially the muscles and liver and distributes it throughout the body, thereby maintaining a uniform body temperature

 against

disease-causing organisms through: a. phagocytosis, b. production of antibodies, and c. clotting regulation of blood