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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Many U.S., Japanese, and European firms have been moving the production of goods and services to other countries.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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determined?
How does pollution affect the economy, and
some goods and services, and what are the effects of those controls?
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Scarcity The situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants.
Economics The study of the choices people make to attain their goals, given their scarce resources. Economic model Simplified version of reality used to analyze real-world economic situations.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Market A group of buyers and sellers of a good or service and the institution or arrangement by which they come together to trade. Three important ideas: People are rational People respond to economic incentives Optimal decisions are made at the margin
Marginal analysis Analysis that involves comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Should Apple produce an additional 300,000 iPods? In solving the problem, consider the following: Optimal decisions are made at the margin. An activity should be continued to the point where the marginal benefit is equal to the marginal cost. In this case, the correct decision requires information about additional revenue and additional cost.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed. 6 of 29
2 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Trade-off The idea that because of scarcity, producing more of one good or service means producing less of another good or service.
Three fundamental questions: What goods and services will be produced? How will the goods and services be produced?
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Centrally Planned Economies versus Market Economies Centrally planned economy An economy in which the government decides how economic resources will be allocated. Market economy An economy in which the decisions of households and firms interacting in markets allocate economic resources.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Mixed economy An economy in which most economic decisions result from the interaction of buyers and sellers in markets, but in which the government plays a significant role in the allocation of resources.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Voluntary exchange The situation that occurs in markets when both the buyer and seller of a product are made better off by the transaction.
Equity The fair distribution of economic benefits.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed. 10 of 29
3 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Economic Models
CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models
To develop a model, economists generally follow these steps: 1. Decide on the assumptions to be used in developing the model. 2. Formulate a testable hypothesis. 3. Use economic data to test the hypothesis. 4. Revise the model if it fails to explain well the economic data. 5. Retain the revised model to help answer similar economic questions in the future.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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3 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Economic Models
CHAPTER 1: Economics: Foundations and Models
Forming and Testing Hypotheses in Economic Models Economic variable Something measurable that can have different values, such as the wages of software programmers.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Does outsourcing by U.S. firms raise or lower incomes in the United States?
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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4 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Microeconomics The study of how households and firms make choices, how they interact in markets, and how the government attempts to influence their choices.
Macroeconomics The study of the economy as a whole, including topics such as inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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5 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Entrepreneur
Opportunity cost
Innovation
Technology Firm, company, or business Goods
Profit
Household Factors of production or economic resources
Services
Revenue
Capital
Human capital
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Figure 1: Many countries, including the United States, have experienced rapidly increasing exports to China.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed. 16 of 29
Allocative efficiency Centrally planned economy Economic model Economic variable Economics Equity Macroeconomics Marginal analysis Market
Market economy Microeconomics Mixed economy Normative analysis Positive analysis Productive efficiency Scarcity Trade-off Voluntary exchange
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Slope
Change in value on the vertical axis y Rise Change in value on the horizontal axis x Run
Slope
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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The Slope of a Nonlinear Curve
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Formulas
Formula for a Percentage Change
Percentage change ( Value in the second period - Value in the first period ) x 100 Value in the first period
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.
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Formulas
Formulas for the Areas of a Rectangle and a Triangle
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Showing a Firms Total Revenue on a Graph
Formulas
Formulas for the Areas of a Rectangle and a Triangle
1A - 9
The Area of a Triangle
Formulas
Summary of Using Formulas
Whenever you must use a formula, you should follow these steps: 1. 2. 3. Make sure you understand the economic concept that the formula represents. Make sure that you are using the correct formula for the problem you are solving. Make sure that the number you calculate using the formula is economically reasonable. For example, if you are using a formula to calculate a firms revenue and your answer is a negative number, you know you made a mistake somewhere.
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2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Economics R. Glenn Hubbard, Anthony Patrick OBrien1st ed.