Pseudocoelomate Body Plan Aschelminths

Chapter 11

Aschelminths

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS The aschelminths are the first assemblage of animals to possess a distinct body cavity, but they lack the peritoneal linings and membranes, called mesenteries, found in more advanced animals. As a result, the various internal (visceral) organs lie free in the cavity. Such a cavity is called a pseudocoelom or pseudocoel and the animals are called pseudocoelomates

Aschelminths
Characteristics

First animal to posses a body cavity Pseudocoelom

Distinct body cavity with no peritoneal lining and mesenteries. Visceral (Internal) organs lie free in the cavity

Most phylum's contain a complete tubular digestive tract

Aschelminths
Eutely

Same number of cells for each animal and for each given organ
Ex. Caenorhabditis elegans (a type of nematode) has 959 cells Every worm has 80 cells in their pharnyx

Aschelminths

Microscopic to meters in length Bilaterally symmetrical Unsegmented and cylindrical in cross section Most are freshwater Osmoregulation through protonephridia (mainly in freshwater) Triploblastic Most are dioecious No separate gas exchanges Some cephalization is present Cuticle present may bear spines or scales and is useful for protection and taxonomic identification

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Rotifera

Characteristics
Corona ciliated organ around the head used for locomotion and food gathering 0.1 to 3 mm in length Most are freshwater (less than 10% marine) 2,000 species Usually solitary, free swimming animals although there are a few colonical members

Phylum Rotifera

Characteristics (cont.)

Triploblastic, bilateral, unsegemented, pseudocoelomate Complete digestive sys. Post. End with toes and adhesive glands Developed cuticle Protonephridia Pathogenesis common, males reduced in this phylum

Phylum Rotifera

External features

Epidermally secreted cuticle used for protection

Lorica thickened cuticle that makes an encasement used for protection and support Epidermis is synctial Head has a mouth, brain, sensory organs Foot has 1-2 toes Foot has pedal glands

Phylum Rotifera

Phylum Rotifera (rotiferah) A cilated corona surrounding a mouth; muscular pharynx (mastax) present with jawlike features; nonchitinous cuticle; parthenogenesis Class Monogononta (mono-go-nontah) Rotifers with one ovary; mastax not designed for grinding; produce

Class Seisonidea (sysonide-ah) A single genus of marine rotifers that are commensals of crustaceans; large and elongate body with reduced corona. Seison. Class Bdelloidea (del-oideah) Anterior end retractile and bearing two trochal disks; mastax

Phylum Rotifera

Body parts

Head - Anterior

Corona Mouth Buccal field Middle

Trunk

Foot

Toes Adhesive glands

Phylum Rotifera
Digestion

Most are free-living

Small microorganisms Organic material

Mastax jaw that grinds food

Phylum Rotifera
Other

organs

Protonephridia with flame cells

Functions for osmoregulation

Phylum Rotifera

Reproduction
Some perform sexual reproduction (several use pathogenesis) Class Seisonida

2 Species Marine Haploid eggs that must be fertilized Males have no mouth, digestive tract, or bladder All females are parthenogenic No males present Amitic eggs diploid eggs Mictic eggs haploid eggs, can become amitic Small sized males

Class Bdelloidea

Class Monogononta

Phylum Kinorhyncha
Phylum

Kinorhyncha

Characteristics
< 1mm in length Marine Bilateral symmetry Burrowers mud and sand 150 species Dioecious

Phylum Kinorhyncha
Composed of 13 or 14 zonites Definite units called zonites Zonite 1 can retract into zonite 2 Spines line most zonites Pair of lateral spines and one dorsal spine Protonephridia in Zonite 11 Brain and ventral nerve cord with a ganglion in each zonite The body wall consists of a cuticle, epidermis, and two pairs of muscles: dorsolateral and ventrolateral. The pseudocoelom is large and contains amoeboid cells.

Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Nematoda Characteristics
These are the roundworms Up to 5 billion per acre of land 16,000 to 500,000 species exist Microscopic to meters long

Phylum Nematoda
Parasites and freeliving Lack cilia except in their sensory structures Marine, freshwater, and soil habitats Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical Unsegmented vermiform (wormlike organism)

Phylum Nematoda
External

features

Noncellular, collagenous cuticle

May have spines, bristles, papillae, or warts Maintains internal hydrostatic pressure Mechanical protection Resists digestion by the host

Longitudinal muscles are used for locomotion

Phylum Nematoda
Some nematodes have lips, some have spines or teeth on those lips Sensory organs

Amphids chemoreceptors along the cuticle Phasmids - chemoreceptors near the anus Ocelli eyespots found in aquatic nematodes

Phylum Nematoda
Digestion

All have a complete digestive tract

Carnivores Herbivores Omnivores Saprobes decomposers Parasites

Phylum Nematoda

Other organs

Glandular system Aquatic nematodes Renettes absorb nitrogenous waste Tubular system Parasitic nematodes Renettes form a canal Nervous system Nerve ring from anterior to posterior Also have neuroendocrine secretions involved in growth, molting, cuticle formation, and metamorphisis

Phylum Nematoda

Reproduction Dioecious Males are smaller than females Males One testis Bursa

Females Pair of convoluted ovaries Oviducts become uterus Several hundred to several hundredthousand eggs per day Ovovivparity giving birth to larvae that hatched from an egg

Phylum Nematoda
Important

Parasites Ascaris lumbricoides The Giant Intestinal roundworm 800 million infected Live in small intestines of humans

Transmitted through feces contact Once the eggs are ingested, they hatch and travel to the lungs After two moltings, they travel to the trachea where they are swallowed

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Nematoda

Enterobius vermicularis

Pinworm Staple size (1-2mm) Live in rectum At night females migrate out of the anus and lay eggs on skin

Phylum Nematoda

Necator americanus

Hookworm Penetrates skin, usually feet Females may lay 10,000 eggs/day

Phylum Nematoda

Phylum Nematoda

Trichinella spiralis

Porkworm Transmission through eating uncooked pork Can cause loss of muscle control or death Now, less than 12 cases per year skeletal muscle

Phylum Nematoda

Wuchereria

Filarial worms Infect the lymph vessels which are responsible for returning fluid to the circulatory system Cause trichinosis or elephantiasis Heartworms in dogs

Phylum Nematomorpha
Phylum

Nematomorpha

Characteristics

250 species Horsehair worms Adults are free-living Juveniles are parasitic No distinct head Dioecious

Phylum Acanthocephala
Phylum

Acanthocephala

Characteristics
Spiny-headed worm Proboscis anterior region covered with spines

This structure is retractable and is responsible for attachment

1,000 species Most are < 40 mm long Parasites Dioecious Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

80 cm long As many as 10 million eggs

Phylum Loricifera
Phylum

Loricifera

Characteristics

Discovered in 1983 Live in spaces between marine gravel 14 species Spiny-head called an introvert which is retractable

Phylum Priapulida
Phylum

Priapulida

Characteristics

16 species Live buried in mud in the seafloor 2 mm to 8 cm Cold marine climates

Prepared by:

VINIA M. BADATO