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Electronics
Electrons Distribution in Orbit is 2n Square where n is th orbit 1st Orbit = Max 2 Electrons 2nd Orbit = Max 8 Electrons & so on The Conductivity Depends on Number of Electrons in Outer Orbit Distance of Outer Orbit from Nucleus Density of Atoms within Element
Electronics
The Stable outer orbit is one which meets 2n square criteria If outer orbit is not stable a atom keeps borrowing electrons from a neighbor & this how electricity is said to be flowing or a current is passing Electrons flow from a atom with excess electron to a one with defficiency. Lesser the number of Electrons, Higher Distance from Nucleus & High Atom Density makes Good Conductors Ex. Copper (Cu), Aluminium (Al) Etc.
Electronics
Elements Like Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) are doped with Elements like Arsenic, Antimony, Indium etc. to make semiconductors Doping Impurities as above makes atoms to form Structure called Lattice with Either Free Electron or Less Electron (Hole) in some Molecules Semiconductors with Excess Electrons are called N Type & with Holes are called P Types Junction of P & N type Materials makes Diode
Electronics
Diode Symbol is
N
Triode or Transistor has two junctions instead of one like in diode
C (collector) Base E (emitter)
Electronics P N GATE
Silicon Rectifiers known commonly as SCRs SCRs has Gate which when applied designed voltage cuts off Diode from conducting Diodes & Transistors has ability to Amplify input signals
Electronics
Other Electronic Components Capacitors Resistors Zener Diodes Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 7 Segment LEDs etc.
Electronics
Types of Circuits
Analog The inputs & outputs are proportional to Signals like Voltage, Current, Frequency etc.
Electronics
Thousands Hundreds
0 0
Tens
0
Units
0
at 10th Km units wheel turns back from 9 to 0 & tens wheel to 1 I.e. 0010. This is called Reset & Carry.
Think of Binary Odometer a device which has only two Digits 0 or 1
Electronics
Binary Number System Thus Decimal 0001 Decimal 0002 0003 xxxx 0015 Binary 0001 Binary 0010 0011 xxxx 1111
Thus 4 Digit Decimal can be converted to Binary Equivalent The Mathematics of Binary Numbers is known as Boolean Algebra
Electronics
Transistors Can be used as switches because of there Conducting or Non Conducting depending on Saturation Current Designed, thus , can symbolized as 0 or 1
Electronics
V cc +5v RC 1k
RB 10k V in
0 or +5v
V out
When V in Is 0 V Output (V out) is +5V When V in Is +5 V Output is 0V Thus Circuit Inverts Input
V in Inverter Symbol
V out
Electronics
V out
Y
B RL
Electronics
V cc RL A
V out
Y
B
Electronics
An OR Gate has two or more input signals but only one output If all inputs are 0 the Output is 0, If any or all inputs are 1 the Output is 1 An AND Gate has a High or 1 Output only when all inputs are High or 1
Electronics
Four Inputs AND Gate Cummins Diesel Sales & Service (I) Ltd.
Electronics
Other Types of Gates NOR Gates Bubbled AND Gates NAND Gates Bubbled OR Gates
The Combination of Various kind of Gates on single Silicon Chip are ICs The Circuits or ICs are so designed to use Boolean Algebra and provide desired output
Electronics
Multiplexers - Circuit with many inputs & only one output Each input can treated as BIT Byte is a binary number with 8 Bits
Electronics
Encoder - Circuits which convert input signal to Binary coded Number ROM - Read only Memory are ICs that can store Binary Numbers
EPROM - A Erasable Programmable Read only Memory Binary Number Locations in ROMs are called Addresses
Electronics
Adder Circuits are used for Additions & Subtractions. Multiplication & Divisions Too are Performed with Adders
Shift Registers
Shift Counters
Electronics
The Design Factors of ICs consider properties like Power Dissipation Propagation Delay Time (Frequency of Circuit) Temperature Range for Operation The standard ICs normally are designed for +5 Volts with some margins for errors The external factors like other Electro Magnetic Fields can induce signals known as Noise. The ICs has designed Noise Immunity capability
Electronics
The CMOS (Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductors) chips are used to work at 3 to 15 Volts
System Clocks uses Flip-Flop Circuits System Clocks are essential to control ICs operations or Cycles of Operations
Electronics
Some Digital Circuit Equipments are Calculators Computers Digital Temperature Meters Digital Frequency Meters
Electronic Clocks
Digital Cameras Etc.
Electronics
Some Digital Circuit Equipments used by us are EFC Control Boxes ECPs LCC Governors CENTRY Governing Systems
CELECT
CENSE Engine Safety Systems Power Command Controls
Etc..
Electronics
Example of a ROM Circuit
A B C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Y 3 Inputs = A B C Outputs = Y3 Y2 Y1 Y0
Y 2
Y 1
Y 0
Electronics
Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nibble 0111 1000 1011 1100 0110 1001 0011 1110
This is 8 X 4 RAM, I.e. Can Store 8 Words of 4 Bits Each 8 Bits Equals 1 Byte, Thus this is 4 Byte RAM This is 8 Row , Single Column RAM, Thus has 8 Memory Cells Each Cell Consist of OR Gates, AND Gates,Diode Etc. Each Cell Thus can be Addressed by a Row Number & Column Number
Address can be written either in Binary Form or Hexadecimal Form Desk Top PCs has RAM Like 16MB, 32MB. 64MB. Cells Normally are arranged in Square Array of M Rows N Columns (M X N)
Electronics
ASCII Characters American Standard Code for Information Exchange Used to Get into & out of Digital Circuits Like Computers, Calculators Etc. Code is Used by most Designers as a Common Standard for Compatibility Code is Alphanumeric in Nature I.e. Comprises Letters, Numbers, Symbols Code is 7 Bit in Form of X6X5X4X 3X2X 1X0
Electronics
Look At How Digital Circuit Technology is Used by Engines
Electronics
Thus The EFC is Designed Look at Type of Electrical Components used For EFCs
Component Toggle Switch For LI & HI Potentio Meter Magnetic Pick Up EFC Controller Actuator
Electronics
Thus EFC Controller Would Consist of Circuitry A/ D Convertors for Analog Inputs to Digital IC with Logic to Provide Output which will be Input to Actuator D / A Convertor for Providing Analog Signal to Actuator System Clock to Regulate Logical Circuits
The Working Logic is Simple Open Actuator with Reference to Pre Sets as per change in Magnetic Pick Up Input Signal. Magnetic Pick Up Signal is proportional to Increase or Decrease in Engine RPM because of Change in Load
Electronics
Similarly Typical Safety System Like CENSE will work as below Analog Inputs from Various Sensors Like LOP, HWT, Intake Temperature, Turbo Boost Pressure, Low Coolant Level Etc. Data Links for Input / Output Communications within Components Control Box with Analog to Digital Converters & Vice Versa Memory for Storing Preset Values like Cut Off Oil Pressure, Coolant Temperature, Intake Temperature Etc. Logical Circuit for Comparing Input & Provide Output in Relation to Pre Stored Values Display Lamps to Read Fault Codes Etc.
Electronics
The Systems Like CELECT has more Comprehensive Circuits Performs Numerous Logical Operations Like Derating Engine Shutting Engine Governing RPMs
Electronics
The Electronic Circuits are normally Reliable
Electronics
The Digital Circuits Like Remote Monitoring ECPs Requires Soft Ware for Both Programming & Communication Called Drivers
For Communications Between More Than One Electronic Equipments Various Data Transmission Systems are used -
Read
Electronics