Dr. Rabi N. Subudhi Professor, School of Management KIIT University Bhubaneswar

Dr. Rabi N.
Subudhi Professor, School of Management KIIT University Bhubaneswar

[Former Professor of VIT, Vellore (TN) & BU]
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit
We need to use hypothesis-testing tools & technique, as a part/ means of the research process. -also in decision making situations; -in inference, experimental testing & observation - Study on effectiveness (cause & effect relation case)
Hypo.Testing/ RNS/kiit 2
1.Define Research Problem 2.Review Literature (Last finding/ theory/ concept) 3.Formulate Hypothesis 4.Design the Research (Sampling design) 5.Collection of data(Observations, response variable) [ Predictor, criterion variables] Ex. - advt., sales 6.Analysis of data (Hypothesis testing etc.) 7.Interpretation & Final report
Research gap Additional knowledge Trying to know something about the unknown Population vs Sample Parameter vs Statistic Census vs sampling Sampling methods & sampling distributions Sampling error, standard error Estimation: point & interval
1. First choice of consumers of Packaged water Marital status of respondents Annual Income of family 2. Relevance of malls, like Bigbazar (to the locals); 3. Importance of price factor while buying Mobile, edible oil 4. Use of credit cards; 5. Attitude (I)/ Preference(O) (study on fruit juice Vs soft drink) 6. Newspaper popularity; 7. Packaging [study on shape of a bottle for deodorant]; 8. Selecting a trusted/ dependable Hospital
Observational Method: The observational method involves human or mechanical observation of what people actually do or what events take place during a buying or consumption situation. Longitudinal Studies are repeated-measurement studies, that collect data over several periods in time.
Hypothesis is a declaratory statement that is testable. It is a statement about the population that we wish to verify on the basis of available sample information. - It is a provisional answer to the research problem under study which is tested empirically for its validity. Many Hypothesis can Exist for the same Problem The hypothesis tested is generally called Null hypothesis (Ho) and the other, which gives a reverse statement, is called its Alternative
1.Conceptually defined in clear terms; 2.Should be testable; 3.Formulated in specific terms; 4.Related to available techniques, facts and theories.
Decision from Sample

Action Reject (H0)
Accept (H0)
Actual/ true-State H0 True H0 False Wrong (Type I Error) Correct Decision
Correct Decision Wrong (Type II Error)
= Producers risk and = Consumers risk, (chances of)

the probability of type-1 error, is known as the level of significance of the test (= size of the Critical Region). Prob.{Accepting H0 / H1 is true}= , (1- ) is called the power of the test. - We cant check/ reduce both & simultaneously. The usual practice is to control at a predetermined low level and subject to this constraint on we choose such a test that minimizes (or maximizes the power function, 1 ). Generally we choose = 0.05 or, 0.01 (i.e. 5% or 1%) level of significance.
In every test, we compute the value

t - E(t) Z = -------------S.E.(t)
Where t, is the statistic; S.E (t) is the standard error of the statistic t.
Hypothesis Testing
Large Sample Test Small Sample Test
Z (normal) Test
t, F, 2 -tests
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1. 2. 3. 4.
Construct hypotheses (null & Alternative) Select appropriate test statistic (formula) Calculation (calculated value of t or z) Comparison (with tabulated value)
Note: Testtype (one/ two tailed test) depends onH1 one/ two tailed test : (z=2.58 or 1.96), for 1% or 5% one tailed test : (z= 2.33 or 1.645), for 1% or 5%
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FORMULAE FOR TESTS

Cases: - Large sample test 1. Testing of Mean of a Normal Distribution With Known S. D. ():
Z =
X 0
/ n
2. Testing of mean of a Normal Distribution with unknown S.D. ():

t = X 0 S/ n
Where,
S=
0 ( X i X )0 n 0
(S is called sample Standard Deviation)
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3 (a):Test of equality of two means with known variances: (Ho: 1 = 2)

Z = X 0 X 0
0 0
n0
0 0
n0
3(b): Test of equality of two means where variances are not known:
t = S X0 X 0 0 0 + n0 n0 ,
Where,
( n0 0S 00 + ( n0 0S 00 ) ) ( n0+ n0 0 )
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4 (a): Test of proportions (single sample):
Z=
P0 P pq / n
4(b): Test of equality of proportions of two samples: Z = P0 P0 P0 0 P0 0 q q + n0 n0
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We use t - test when : (i) Sample size is within 30-40, or less (ii) Population variance or standard deviation is unknown. While testing hypothesis following assumptions are usually made: (a) the population is normal (or Approximately Normal), (b) Observations are independently drawn for the random sample. (c) In case of 2 samples, population variances are equal (for the test of equality of Means)
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This test is used for: (i) test of dependence or association between 2 attributes, (ii) test of goodness of fit, (iii) test of homogeneity (of distributions, correlation coefficients & population variances). n (Oi - Ei)2
2 (chi-square)= -------i=1 Ei
Critical region (or the rejection area)
Left-tail
Accept
Right-tail
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Dr. Rabi N. Subudhi Professor, School of Management KIIT University Bhubaneswar

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Dr. Rabi N. Subudhi Professor, School of Management KIIT University Bhubaneswar

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Dr. Rabi N.

Subudhi Professor, School of Management KIIT University Bhubaneswar

Decision from Sample

Actual/ true-State H0 True H0 False Wrong (Type I Error) Correct Decision

Correct Decision Wrong (Type II Error)

= Producers risk and = Consumers risk, (chances of)

In every test, we compute the value

FORMULAE FOR TESTS

2. Testing of mean of a Normal Distribution with unknown S.D. ():

(S is called sample Standard Deviation)

3 (a):Test of equality of two means with known variances: (Ho: 1 = 2)

4 (a): Test of proportions (single sample):

4(b): Test of equality of proportions of two samples: Z = P0 P0 P0 0 P0 0 q q + n0 n0

Critical region (or the rejection area)

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