Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 184

DEFINATION

The branch of Dentistry which deals with the surgical treatment of tooth and surrounding area or in other words the extraction of teeth is called exodontia.

Exodontia
Uncomplicated --- simple or forcep tooth extraction. Complicated --- surgical extraction, flap raising and bone removal or tooth sectioning is required. Modified --- whether simple or complicated extraction, some systemic condition require modification, pre; during or intra operative.

Technique
A care full technique based on knowledge & Skill. Living tissues should be dealt gently. Other wise damage & necrosis can occur which lead to bacterial growth & retardation of healing, thus causing postoperative complications like pain, swelling & possibly deformity.

Before going for extraction1


You should know this is the only branch of dentistry where the bleeding is experienced by the patient. Access to the teeth and other oral structures becomes difficult by lips & cheeks & further complicated by the movements of tongue & mandible. Oral cavity communicate with pharynx & larynx & is full of saliva which also makes operation difficult. It also lies close to vital centers.

Pre surgical Medical Assessment


History taking

Biographic Data
Name. Address. Gender. Occupation. Mental status

Chief complaint
Pain onset etc. Fever etc

Medical Hx.
Present Past

Examination
> Focus on oral cavity. < Focus on Maxillofacial region. << GPE

Fear of pain & Anxiety


Verbal. LA GA Sedation.

Three main indications


Pain
Dialometry Labor 10 dm, rheumatic/ G surgery 4dm dental 2dm Pain up to thalamus non narcotic beyond up to cerebral cortex narcotic Dental pain can be relieved by LA but short duration unless open pulp or extraction

Infection
Peri coronitis / dentoalveolar abscess

Functionless tooth
Malposed Lower 3rd molar ext upper supra occ Solitary maxillary last molar for F/D

INDCATIONS FOR EXTRACTION


1. Hopelessly carious tooth. 2. Teeth with non vital pulps. 3. Periodontitis or periodontosis where 2/3rd of bone is lost. 4. Acute or chronic pulpitis where endodontic treatment is not indicated. 5. Mal posed teeth which can not be treated by orthodontic treatment.

6. Any tooth that lies in field of radiations for some oral malignant lesions. 7. Supernumerary teeth. 8. Any tooth which lies in the line of #. 9. Non functional tooth or any tooth lying alone in oral cavity. 10. Broken down roots or fragments.

11. Teeth traumatizing soft tissues. 12. Retained primary teeth, when permanent teeth are present. 13. Teeth not restorable by operative dentistry. 14. Impacted teeth. 15. Teeth associated with any cyst or tumour.

16. Teeth which can not be saved by apiceotomy. 17. Teeth mechanically interfering with placement of restorative appliances. 18. Foci of infection. 19. Prosthetic purposes. 20. Obscure pain. 21. Infection --- pericoronitis.

22. Over erupted teeth. 23. Socioeconomic factors 24. Esthetics.(severely malposed/stained).

Contra indications for the extractions of teeth

A. Local contraindications. B. Systemic contraindications.

Local contraindications
1. Acute inflammation.
1. Gingivitis e.g. fusospirochetal or streptococcal infection. 2. Stomatitis.

2. 3. 4. 5.

Acute peri coronal infection -- 3rd molars. Acute alveolar abscess.(3 Reasons) Maxillary sinusitis. (OAF) Tooth lying in area of alveolar nerve.

6. During therapeutic radiations. 7. Tooth lying in the area of malignant tumors and suspected haemangioma of jaw.

Systemic contraindication for tooth extractions

Patients on steroid therapy


Cortisone is a life saving drug. It acts as a shock absorber. Patients on steroid therapy have a suppression of secretions of their own & resultant adrenal cortical atrophy. The dose of cortisone must be increased or doubled as we give extra stress to the patient during extraction.

If the patient is under going oral surgery or extraction under GA,


50-100 mg orally 2 Hrs preoperatively. 100mg + 500cc of 5% Dextrose during operation. 50mg 12 Hrs orally or 100mg I/M.

Diabetes Mellitus
Under production of insulin. A resistance of insulin receptors. Or both.
It is of two types; Insulin dependent. Non-insulin dependent

Diabetes Mellitus
Characterized by hyperglycemia due absolute or relative deficiency of insulin.
Symptoms:
Polyuria. Increased thrust. Excessive appetite.

Loss of weight. Skin disturbances. Vision disorders. Numbness & tingling. Glucosuria. Pain especially in lower limbs.

Diabetic patients are more prone to infections because;


Increased sugar in blood. Arteriosclerosis which decreases peripheral

circulation General resistance of patient is low immunity. Bacterial growth is favorable as increased blood sugar level act as a good medium for their growth.

Precautions for diabetic patients


3 steps Patient at home before surgery:
Put patient on broad spectrum antibiotics 24 Hrs before surgery;
Amoxicillin 500 mg Erythromycin 250/500mg TDS & BD respectively. Doxycyucllin (vibramycin) 200mg stat, 100mg daily. Oxytetracycllin 250mg 6 Hrly.

Put the patients on sedatives;


Diazepam 4-10mg or Phenobarbitone 30 60 mg or .5 G=30mg.or 0.5 1 G.

24 Hrs before operation, which relieve anxiety because anxiety increases adrenaline level which in turn increase blood sugar level.

Patient in clinic or surgery:


Early morning appointment, break fast + insulin.

Fresh blood sugar level fasting at the day of surgery. Calm & sympathetic attitude from you. Local anaesthesia should be plain i.e. with out adrenaline because;
Increases B. Sugar level. Vasoconstriction gangrene. Not remain there for a longer time.

Short appointment. Recent HBA1C 60 days picture of diabetic pt

Various school of thoughts about LA with or without adrenaline


Adrenaline should be given, as bleeding is severe in such patients. Should not be given because it increase sugar level. Use it because adrenaline which is given is less than secreted by patients ( endogenous). Broadly speaking Adrenaline should not be given because such patient are very sensitive it & plain LA should be used.

Important points
Anaesthesia should be complete Ext with out pain. Antiseptic m/wash before ext There should be complete sterilization. . Procedure should be atraumatic Ext one tooth at a time. . Procedure should not be more than 15 mins. After ext pt should remain under observation for at least 30 min& should have adult attendant.

Patient at home after extraction:


Antibiotic for 1 week duration.

In case of emergency at chair:


Pt has taken break fast but no insulin;
Hyperglycemic Coma
Signs: Pt is ill looking before extraction. Vomiting & abdominal pain. Tongue & skin dry. Low BP, Low pulse volume but rapid.

Flexer planter response. High glucosuria.

Rx: Inj. Insulin Hypoglycemic coma (More Common);


Pt has not taken his break fast but has taken insulin or has done unnecessary exercise.

Signs: Pt is healthy looking before ext. Not vomiting & abdominal pain. Tongue & skin moist. B.P Normal.

Extensor planter responses. Low glucosuria

Rx. 5% Dextrose ampoule (2-4mm IV), if recovers give sugar.

Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a physiological phenomenon, but care has to be taken while dealing such pt. One school of thought that care should be extended to prophylaxis and restorations and surgery be deferred till birth of the baby, because;
Abortion. Premature labor.

Actual physiological damage to the child.

On these basis Rx of a pregnant women is divided in to 3 classes. 1. Emergency Treatment.


1. Severe pain e.g. pulpitis

2. Non Emergency treatment but essential Rx.


1. Chronic periapical abscess. Postpone Rx to

2nd trimester.

2. Elective Rx. e.g. BDRs postpone till delivery. Precautions for a pregnant women. Be very care full because of altered physiology. 1. LA more Safe.
Comfortably seated, to avoid vomiting.

No x-ray. If emergency Lead cover. Certain sympathomimetic drugs (vasoconstrictors) can diminish uterine blood flow, so as minimum as possible.

GA better done in middle trimester


Volatile anaesthetic like halothane should be avoided as it crosses placenta & death of baby. N2O2 & O2 mixture can be used. Short acting barbiturate like pentothane I/V . Analgesics .

Consult obstritician Oxygenation avoid hypoxia. Antibiotics (like tetracycline group should be avoided).

Bleeding Disorders
1. Platelet Inadequacy 2. Coagulopathies 3. Therapeutic anticoagulation

Haemophilia
Congenital bleeding disorder due lack of coagulation factor VIII & IX designated as Haemophilia A & B respectively. CT is increased ( Normal CT= 2-5min) Males are sufferers & females are carriers.

Precautions
LA is absolutely contra indicated because of continuous bleeding and haemotoma formation. GA is preferred & pt is hospitalized. Fresh blood, Plasma, Fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate (deficient factors). Anti hemophilic globulin (AHG) i.e. fraction I 400 mg in 20cc of normal saline I/V with in hour, the CT is reduced to normal. AHG level should be 20 % above normal or normal level

Factor VIII should be build up to 50-70 % Mask anaesthesia to reduced the risk of pricking in OT & avoid endotracheal intubation because of danger of bleeding. A traumatic procedures are carried out & no stitching. After extraction one should pack the socket with gauze or with spongostan cubes 12 Hrs afterwards. If bleeding occurs after 4-5 hours fraction I can be given & when clot is settled no more fraction I or other maintenance is required.

Patient on anticoagulants
Patients on anticoagulant therapy face two problems;
Profuse bleeding after surgery. Thromboembolic accident.

We should stop anticoagulant therapy un till PT is in normal limits; Adjust the dose to bring PT OR INR in normal limits.

ASPIRIN & OTHER PLATELETINHIBITING DRUGS


Consult physician. Defer surgery & stop platelet inhibiting drug for 5 days. Extra measure to control clot formation & retention. Restart drug on the day after surgery.

WARFARIN (Coumadin)
With physician consultation PT should brought to 1.5 INR for few days. If PT is between 1-1.5 INR proceed surgery.

If not, stop the drug 2days prior surgery. Check PT daily. When normal do surgery & restart this drug on the day of surgery. If in physician opinion is that it is unsafe for the pt to stop this drug the admit pt with his consent stop warfarin give Heparin during peri operative period.

HEPARIN
Consult physician. Stop it 6 Hrs prior to surgery or reverse with protamine. Restart drug when a good clot is formed

Epilepsy
Precautions must be taken when treating an epileptic pt, because attack can occur in the dental chair. 1. Pt must have taken medicine early before coming for Rx, i.e. phenbarbitone 30-60mg or carbamezapine 200mm or 1 Hr before surgery. 2. Instruments must be away from the pt.

3. Before examination one should place mouth gag or prop in the patients mouth & remove when the procedure is completed. 4. If an attack occurs during surgery phenbarbitone paraldehyde ( anticonvulsant) I/V can be given to control convulsion. 5. When attack occurs, it must be differentiated from an anaphylactoid shock or syncopy where patient warns you that he or she does not feel well & is pale and sweaty while in case of epileptic shock pt does not warn you. 6. Convulsions in case of epilepsy.

Angina pectoris
This disease occurs due obstruction of coronary blood supply to the myocardium of heart. This due to narrowing of one or both coronary artery leading to increased demand of oxygen. This further increases in stress. Sign & symptoms are sub sternal pain with dyspnea, radiating to the left arm & lower jaw. Following precautions are required while dealing such pt;

Sedation. Nitroglycerin tablet sublingually when pt sits in the dental chair prophylactically. Anaesthesia should be plain (Controversial). If pt feels uncomfortable during operation, another tab should be given. After extraction pt should stay in the clinic for an hour & then sent with an adult fellow.

Rheumatic Heart Disease


Pt with a history of rheumatic fever, or rheumatic or congenital valvular heart disease or synthetic vascular graft or prosthesis or a cardiac pacemaker implanted require special care. Colonies of circulating organisms may settle on scared endothelium to form vegetations ,the condition SABE. This disease has high mortality or morbidity. Bacteraemia must be avoided in such pts.

Management
Oral hygiene brought to normal or near normal e.g. Povidide M/W. Antibiotic cover ORAL
Amoxycillin 3G 1 Hr before ant dental treatment in front of dental surgeon. Post treatment 250 or 500mg 6 Hrly for 72 hours. If sensitive to penicillin then, 1.5G Erythromycin 1 Hr before Rx & 250/500mg tds or bd respectively for 72 hrs.

PARENTERAL
When maximum protection required or If pt can not take orally or under GA Ampicillin 2G I/V or I/M plus Gentamycin 1.5 mg/kg I/v or I/M ( not exceeding 80mg) followed by 1.5 oral amoxicillin 6Hrly where maximum protection is required. ( prosthetic Valves). Ampicillin 2G I/V or IM 30 min before procedure, 1G Ampicillin IV or IM or 1.5 G orally 6 Hrly after initial dose. Vancomycin 1G I/V administered over one Hr before surgery. No repeat dose.

PEDIATRIC DOSES
Half the adult dose or Ampicillin50mg/kg or erythromycin 20mg/Kg - 1 hr before Rx then 10mg/kg 6 Hrly.

In running disease pt should be treated while hospitalized.

Thyrotoxicosis
This is the result of hyperthyroidism due to thyroid disease disease like a multi nodular goiter, a thyroid adenoma or Graves disease. There is excess circulating triiodothyronine (T3) & Thyronine (T4).

The only absolute contraindication for extraction. Extraction can cause crises. SYMPTOMS:
Nervousness, tremors, emotional instability. Tachycardia & palpitation. Excessive perspiration. Diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland.

Exopthalmos. Loss of weight. Elevation of BMR. Easy fatigue. Muscle weakness. GIT symptoms like diarrhea & at times nausea & vomiting. Pressure symptoms in some instances such as dyspnea, dysphagia etc.

EFFECTS:
Thyroid crisis can be precipitated by oral surgery. Pt with thyroid crisis is restless, semiconscious, uncontrollable even with heavy sedation Cyanotic & at times delirious & an extremely rapid thready pulse & a high temperature.

So ext is absolutely contraindicated because

The trauma can precipitate thyroid crisis with cardiac embarrassment & heart failure. We can not control them. Refer pt for Rx before under going any surgical procedure.

Nephritis
SYMPTOMS:
Reduced urinary output or dysurea, Hematuria. Fever. Albuminuria Chills. Xerostomia & burning in the mouth. Generalized Stomatitis. Urinous ordour in pts breath.

EFFECTS:
Extraction of chronically infected tooth may precipitate acute nephritis or extraction in a dirty mouth lead to nephritis. These pt must first put on antibiotics.

Jaundice
There is impaired liver function due to alcohol abuse, infectious disease or billiary obstruction. The production of Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors (II,VII,IX & X) may lead to prolonged bleeding. Check PT & INR or PPT. Prophylactic doses of Vit K & transamine.

PRECAUTION & Rx.


Tab anaroxyl or Azeptil is given. Dont describe any drug that is excreted & metabolized by liver such as paracetamol. Antibiotics are given. Such pts are usually virally infected like Hepatitis A,B,C &D. so, self and cross contamination be avoided.

Hypertensive Patient
Essential hypertension. Mild to moderate hypertension (systolic PB <200 & Diastolic PB < 110 usually not a problem.
Care;
Anxiety reduction protocol & monitoring of vital signs. LA with epinephrine given carefully. After surgery pt advise to seek medical care.

Severe hypertension (systolic PB > 200 or more or diastolic PB > 110 or more.
Should be postponed until PB is well controlled. Refer pt or emergency dental TT carried out in well controlled environment in a hospital.

Local

99% teeth are extracted under LA. Infiltration Anaesthesia Inferior dental block

How to minimize pain while giving LA


4% surface anaesthesia is given Needle must be sharp Solution must be isotonic Deposition should be slow ( inj directly into blood vessel increases the toxicity by 16 times)

Causes of anaesthesia failure

Defect in operator Defect in patient Defect in LA

Defect in operator

99.9% due to wrong technique. Cartridge is leaked. Needle is not accurately inserted.

Defect in patient
Infection;
There is increased vascularization so immediate absorption occur & there is no time for LA to work Medium is acidic but we require alkaline medium for LA

Addiction Extra innervation VV rare

Defect in LA

Manufacturer hasnt supplied 2% LA LA is expired

How to check block anaesthesia

Numbness Prick & probe PDL

Other techniques

Peripress Pulpal Intraosseous Intra lesional

Seating of the patient for extraction


Lower jaw:
The occlusion plane of pt should be at elbow joint of operator. When the pt opens the mouth the occlusal plane be parallel to the floor.

Upper jaw:
The occlusion plane of patient should be above the elbow & at the shoulder level of operator The head, neck & trunk should be in one level When pt opens mouth occ: plane should be b/w 450 - 600 .

Detailed Examination of Teeth


Before extraction the tooth to be extracted should be examined thoroughly both clinically & radiographically.
Any filling in the crown Any pathology especially caries Is the tooth abraded Root canal filling Position of roots Position of tooth to surrounding & max sinus Position of tooth ID canal

In detailed examination, we also see what type of technique can be used;


Forcep only Forcep plus elevator Elevator alone What type of forcep & elevator Odontectomy is require or not Possibilities of # of roots

Dental radiographs are very valuable in preventing un wanted accidents like;


Fracture of mandible Tearing of the floor of max sinus

Examination of supporting Hard tissues


See the thickness of labial, buccal and lingual cortical plates Are there any nodular area of exostosis overlying the roots of the tooth Estimate the density of bone In old age, osseous tissue & tooth structure are brittle & dense. Expansion of cortical plate is impossible.

Principles of tooth extraction


Selection of forcep Application of forcep Dilate the socket Cut the periodontal ligaments Take the tooth out of the socket to the least resistant way.

( usually the path of eruption is the path of extraction provided there is no change in the roots)

Technique of extraction
Forcep extraction/ simple extraction/ non surgical extraction Transalveolar extraction/ odontectomy/ surgical extraction

Forcep Extraction
99% teeth are extracted by this method. It is the best easier method without involving soft tissues
Check anaesthesia tooth & surrounding buccal/ lingual mucosa Any loose filling in tooth be removed. Ask the pt to rinse with antiseptic m/wash Take periosteal elevator & detach attached gingivae surrounding crown on buccal & lingual aspect Hold it in pen grip fashion with concave surface towards tooth Expose neck of tooth, take forcep, grip tooth & do extraction

Selection of forcep

Upper anterior forcep or straight forcep


Grip the palatal & labial side Beak should be maximally at root portion Beak must be parallel to the long axis of tooth Apply force apically to hold the deepest part

Upper Premolar or Bayonet forcep

The difference b/w previous & upper premolar forcep is that it is slightly curved As it is a posterior one there must be some angle to make the grip easy

Upper molar forcep


Rounded beak on the palatal side Nobed beak on the buccal side This nob should be at bifurcation point, as there are 2 roots on this side (DB & MB)

Lower forceps
Lower anterior forceps

The beaks at right angle to the handle. Lower BDR are similar
Difference b/w ant & BDR forceps
In BDR forceps the beaks should approximate each other when we press the two handles. While in post the beaks don't approximate each other when we press the handle.

Difference b/w premolar & molar forceps


In case of premolar forceps both beaks are rounded while there are knobs on both the sides in case of molar forceps because there are two roots mesial & distal.

As the grip should be at right angles to the long axis, which is impossible in last lower molars so, we use cow horn forceps.

Application of forcep

1. Select proper forcep 2. Hold the tooth with the forcep, so that the beak applied to the long axis of the tooth to be extracted 3. Hold the forcep firmly in hand 4. Hold should be away from the beaks 5. Hold the tooth from the cemento enamel junction & never from the enamel portion 6. Beak should not slip

Technique & movements

PRINCIPLES OF FORCEP USE


1. Expansion of bony socket & movement of Tooth

2. Removal of Tooth

Major motions of forceps


1. Apical pressure
1. Dilatation of bone 2. Displacing centre of rotation apically

2. Buccal force 3. Lingual pressure 4. Rotational pressure 5. Tractional forces

General procedure of forceps extraction


1. Loosening of soft tissue around tooth 2. Luxation of tooth

3. Adaptation of forcep
4. Luxation of tooth with forcep 5. Removal of tooth from socket tractional force

Maxillary teeth

First movement should be apical, parallel to long axis of tooth

11

Labial movement with Slight palatal pressure Labial pressure Mesial rotation

22
Only labial movement with Mesial rotation ? No palatal movement because tip is more close to palatal plate & there is a chance of infection over there Tip is slightly curved rotation may be avoided.

33

As upper one/ icisor Labial movement Palatal movement Labial & mesial rotation

44

Buccal movement Palatal movement (slight) Buccal delivery of tooth No rotation because it has 2 roots

55

Buccal movement Palatal movement Buccal movement Either palatal delivery of tooth or buccal

76 67

Buccal movement Palatal movement Buccal delivery of tooth

88

No palatal movement Buccal movement with Distal rotation Buccal delivery of tooth

Mandibular teeth
First pressure applied is the apical force until the beaks of the forceps engage the neck of the tooth, Resting on cementum & then forces are applied

21 12

Labial movement Lingual movement Slight mesio distal rotation & Labial delivery of teeth

33

As upper two/ upper lateral incisor Labial movement Mesial rotation & delivery No lingual movement

54 45

Having conical roots Rotatory movements Slight buccal movement

76 67

Buccal movements Lingual movements Slightly rotatory movements Buccal delivery of tooth

88

All teeth are embedded in spongy alveolar bone except 8 8 which are embedded in external oblique ridge Buccal pressure Lingual or buccal delivery

Primary or deciduous teeth


cba abc cba abc Labial movement Mesial rotation

ed de ed de Buccal movement Palatal/lingual movement Teeth delivered on lingual side

Which tooth is most difficult to extract


8 8 is most difficult to extract buccal plate is supported by external oblique ridge Buccal plate may # but usually green stick type Remains there, not seen by operator

Post operative care: Immediate post ext measures:


See the socket & position of alveolar bone. Buccal plate is usually fractured in green stick fashion so;
Press the socket to reduce the # Approximate the socket for quick healing & clot formation

See the position of inter radicular bone, if its level above the mucoperiosteum or gingival level, it should be trimmed. Also inter dental septum if ext of adjacent tooth. If there is granuloma at the root tip it should be curetted, gently remove or scope the granuloma out b/c,

It can cause R cyst Can cause infection

Pack the socket with sterilize gauze. It should press directly on wound and shouldnt make a bridge upon the wound

Instructions to the patient: Bleeding;


Keep the gauze sponge & hold it firmly b/w your jaws & over the socket for a full or half an hour after extraction Dont rinse or use a mouth wash for 6 hrs after extraction. Frequent mouth washing disturbs the clot. After 24 hrs nothing can enter the clot.

If there is some ooze no problem, there will be some oozing for 24-48 hrs. Dont talk 2 hrs. If there is more bleeding, then patient should use tea leaves wrapped in a piece of gauze or cotton soaked. Discoloration some swelling of the soft tissues of face is followed by discoloration. This is a normal post operative event. The purplish black discoloration fades in to greenish yellow & then yellow & black to normal. Heat in any form applied to the face help in dissipation of discoloration. Pain - put pt on analgesics. Antibiotics

Swelling & stiffness may be due to bleeding beneath the oral tissues. To reduce apply ice cap or towel wring out of ice water on 1st day & on 2nd day apply heat to your face.

Odontectomy
This is the surgical removal of tooth/teeth by the reflection of an adequate mucoperiosteal flap & the removal of overlying bone.

Advantages:
1. Reduces the chances of tooth# during extraction 2. Less danger of creating OAF.

3. Decreases the possibilities of # of maxilla & mandible 4. Reduces the chances of tearing out of alveolar bone

Indications:
1. 2. 3. 4. Hypercementosis Widely divergent roots of molars Locked roots Teeth with apices at right angles to the long axis of teeth (curved roots) 5. Teeth with post crowns 6. Extensively decayed tooth

7. Teeth with root canal fillings 8. When a thick, dense buccal or labial cortical plate or multi nodular exostosis is present in maxilla or mandible 9. Low antral floor dips b/w roots of maxillary molars 10. When the maxillary alveolar tuberosity is hollow b/c the antral cavity extends into it 11. Thin mandible when excessive forces may fracture it 12. Malposed, impacted & supernumary teeth 13. When forcep force (pressure) results

in dislocation of TMJ, despite manual effort to retain it 14. Ankylosed roots 15. When customary force fails to produce luxation 16. Dialaceration 17. BDR

Reasons for removal of roots:


Fractured roots should be removed at the time of extraction. Large roots left will be a localized source of inflammation & soreness as the alveolar ridge resorbs & denture strike this prominence; 1. Roots are removed to eliminate possible residual infection 2. Remaining roots & fragments may act as mechanical irritant 3. May give rise to neuralgia or pain of obscure origin

Mucoperiosteal Flap / Flap Operation


Types of Incision/Flap Envelope incision/flap: Three corner flap: Four corner flap: Semi lunar Flap: Elliptical Type:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Principles/design of Flap
Mentally review the nerve & blood supply of the soft tissues to be included in the flap Design a flap so that maximum area is exposed Base of the flap reflected should be broader than apex so that it may have a good blood supply During reflection of flap the periosteum should be reflected intact & should not be injured, otherwise there will be post OP slough of flap, pain & delayed healing.

Angle of the flap should not be acute but rounded Always have the flap wider than bone cavity which will be present at the end of operation so that stitches does not come on the bony cavity & stitches get solid bony support which means quick & painless healing, other wise stitches will never stay. Always use sharp blade excise through the soft tissue at the starting point until bone is contacted. Then with the knife edge hold firmly in contact & bone, make the incision with one cut. Never extend the incision on lingual side.

Procedure:
Knife handle & blade -- in pen grip fashion. Start incision with blade No. 12, cut through junction of periodontal membrane & mucoperiosteum around the neck of teeth to be exposed Give incision in one stroke & be deep enough (touching the bone) Next with the blade NO. 15 start incision b/w the two teeth on mesial side of the area to be exposed at the crest of inter dental papilla. Don't cut the inter dental papilla i.e. its morphology should not be disturbed. Make the incision through the mucoperiosteum towards the mucobuccal fold mesially at an angle of 45o to the long axis of tooth. If adequate exposure is not obtained when mucoperiosteum is reflected then make a second incision at the distal side in the same manner & extent in the buccal cavity.

Suturing
Return of flap. Instruments
Needle holder 15cm Suture needle 3/8th to circle reverse cutting edge Non resorbable 2/0 silk Resorbable
Gut plain & chromic Vicryl polyglycolic acid / polyglactin

technique

Suture
The word "suture" describes any strand of material used to ligate (tie) blood vessels or approximate (sew) tissues.

Example Suture Selection


Absorbable
Natural
Fast Absorbing Gut Plain Gut Chromic gut

Non Absorbable
Natural
Silk Stainless steel

Synthetic
Ethilon*
(nylon) suture

Synthetic
VICRYLRapide*
(polyglactin 910) suture

NOROLON*
(nylon) suture

VICRYL*
( polyglacin 910) suture

MERSILENE*
(polyester) suture

MONOCRYL*
(polyglecaprone 25) suture

ETHIBOND*
(polyester) suture

PDS II*
(polydioxanone) suture

PROLENE*
(polypropylene) suture

Needle anatomy
Swage Body Point

Body of the needle


classification by the body of the needle:

circle

3/8 circle

circle

5/8 circle

Knots
Half Hitch or Single knot Granny Knot Reef Knot Triple Knot Surgeons Knot

Teeth resist to forcep extraction


Maxillary teeth

Mandibular

Removal of broken down roots


1. Closed procedure:

2. Open procedure:

1. Gingival third:
Wedge principle. Apply straight elevator concave surface towards root in the periodontal space. With rotatory & labial movements (pressure), enlarge the space. Both for mesial & distal roots Repeat for several times till a depth of 56mm is gained. If enlargement is not possible make a groove with bur and apply elevator.

2. Half way to the apex


Reflection of flap & removal of buccal and labial plates of alveolar bone (open or flap operation). 2. Enable the operator to see clearly the field of operation. Never work in the pool of blood otherwise you may;
1) Displace root into maxillary sinus 2) Into mandibular canal 3) Into submandibular space

3. To remove the alveolar plate, so that apexo elevator can function in the same way as the fracture root in the gingival line.

3. Apical third:

Here root ejectors are used. Examine the root of # tooth to determine how much the root is left. Place the point of apical root fragment ejector into the alveolus keeping it against the alveolar wall. With the help of ejector move the root tip flanges from the alveolar wall towards the centre of the socket using only slight pressure forcing the tip of instrument between the flanges of root & the wall of alveolar bone.

Now use the apical fragment forcep grasp the flange of the root tip and then gently rock the tip back & forth from the socket.

Individual Roots

Upper Incisors
Root broken at apical level use root ejector. Take the flap & expose bone. Put ejector on distal side & push it towards the mesial side. Then put it on the mesial side and push towards the distal side. Dislodge root & remove with an artery forcep

Upper Premolars
If the buccal root of the first premolar has broken while the palatal is removed. Take a flap & remove the inter radicular bone with the help of William's fragment elevator. Approach is made from palatal socket & root is pushed down ward with same elevator but if it can not be engaged by hook then use apical fragment forcep

Upper molars
Prepare a grove b/w MB & DB roots. Extend the groove to separate them from palatal root i.e. distal & palatal aspect of palatal root with bone Put straight apexo elevator in b/w the groove of 3 roots & rotate. If one root is left &is above the gingival margin then raise the flap, remove the buccal plate& apply root ejector. If palatal root left take flap & take it out.

Lower Incisors, Canine & Premolars


By wedge principle
Gingival 3rd take a straight apexo elevator, the concave surface towards the root. If the engagement of the root is not possible, then make a groove with a bur & then apply elevator. Apical 3rd 1st apply root ejector. If not possible, then take a flap.

Lower molars
1st of all cut the inter radicular septum with cross bar elevator. Now put the cross bar elevator in the clear socket with concavity in the root & push it out wards. If not possible the put a root ejector on one side & push the root on the other side. Then put the ejector on opposite side & repeat same procedure & dislodge the root. If still not possible, take flap, use wedge principle & remove the root.

Removal of roots from healed ridges of jaw bone


If teeth are present localization is simple. Exposure & removal is carried out with out damaging the roots of adjacent teeth. Localization of roots in the edentulous ridge:
A care full study of osteological land marks. Shift sketch technique

Roots located close to Max sinus or inferior alveolar canal may be forced into these structures so, a care full examination is required.

1. Immediate complication: During operation / after an operation: 1. Syncope:


Also called fainting. It is the important complication at dental chair. It is the earliest form of shock. It is transient cerebral ischemia. It is due to fear & apprehension associated with tooth extraction. The blood is pulled down in splanchnic vessels of abdomen & thus blood supply to brain is restricted.

COMPLICATIONS OF TOOTH EXTRACTION

Clinical features:
Ashy grey color of skin Cold Perspiration Low Rerspiration Dizziness Nausea Light headedness Pt warn u that he is not feeling well
Head down position but not the way that it interfere with breathing Supporting O2 & cortisone Inj for PB, if pain morphine or pethadine Loose the tight button & clothing Respiratory stimulant button & clothing Saline drip increase the circulatory volume

Treatment :

2. Shock:
Shock is a clinical state, which shows the response of the body towards its existence threat. It is a circulatory deficiency when the blood is not available for the vital structures and is characterized by decreased cardiac out put & haemoconcentration.
when the blood supply to vital structures is limited patient goes into primary shock (Syncope) if it is not immediately fatal, other mechanisms comes into play like;

1. Baroreceptors:
So, in shock pulse rate is increased but volume is decreased (Hypovolumea)

2. Chemoreceptors:
increased Co2 stimulates the chemoreceptors which again stimulate respiratory centre & respiratory rate is increased. That is why respiration is shallow but with increased rate.

Now the pt needs help b/c this mechanism works for a little time & if not helped, then secondary shock appears

Clinical features:
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Cold and pale skin Clammy from sweat Mucous membrane is pale Lips, nails & tip of fingers are greyish blue Face is expression less Pupils dilated Weak rapid pulse Irregular rapid but shallow respiration Temperature is below normal

Treatment :
Shock can be more easily prevented than

First determine the cause & treat. 1. Supportive O2 2. Head down position 3. Blood transfusion ( if from haemmorrage) 4. Normal saline / glucose infusion 5. Morphine / pethadine (Neurogenic stress due to pain) 6. Maintain body heat 7. Cortisone to maintain BP 8. Adrenaline in Anaphylactic shock

3. Damage to soft Tissues:

4. Damage to the nerves:


Neuroprexia Axonotmesis Neurotemesis

This is due to faulty & careless instrumentation The elevators may slip & plug into deep structures, creating a serious injury & haemorrage Catching the lips b/w the handles of forceps may also damage the soft tissues of lip Finger guards should always be used with elevators

Commonly endanger nerves are; 1. Inferior dental nerve 2. Lingual nerve 3. Naso palatine nerve 4. Infra orbital nerve

5. Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from CVS is called haemorrhage


1. Mechanical from severed vessels of any size 2. Chemical / Biochemical abnormality of blood elements or vascular system which prevents normal clot formation & organization. This is typical in Haemophilia , hepatic & blood disorders.

Mechanical Haemorrhage
1. Primary haemorrhage 2. Reactionary haemorrhage

3. Secondary haemorrhage

Management
If the suture has become loosed , anesthetize the area & insert a mat suture. Apply the direct pressure by having the pt bite firmly on the gauze pressure pads over the bleeding area. Apply a vasoconstrictor (Epinephrine) to the bleeding area & apply thrombin or fibrinogen (like spongaston) locally to speed up blood coagulation. ( adrenaline few drops in a cup of water,& a soaked cotton packed in cavity). Some times Tannic acid powder is useful.

If not possible then crush the alveolar socket to block the blood vessels.
If again not working then ligate the external carotid artery.

6. Dislocation of TMJ:
1. Local 2. Under GA

6. Pain Pain may be due to anaesthesia i.e. prick of needle but the pain may be due to extraction and can be prevented by the following measures;

1. 2. 3. 4.

Atraumatic extraction Dont leave any piece of root Remove sharp bony specules Put the pt on analgesics & antibiotics.

8. Dry socket/ alveolgia / Localized osteotis


It is a condition in which the particular socket after tooth extraction is not filled with blood clot or the clot is disintegrated due to infection of socket.

Aetiology:
1.Exact cause not known. 2.Traumatic extraction. 3.Local anesthesia ( vasoconstriction) Excessive. 4.Pt has not followed the instructions of the surgeon. 5.Use of repeated sponging during or after ext ( arterioles become blocked) 6.Tooth was already infected

8. Instruments were not sterilized 9. Use of excessive mouth washes. 10.Excessive curettage. 11.Entrance of saliva into sterile socket. 12.Systemic diseases
1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Pt on oral contraceptives.
3. Radiotherapy

Clinical features
1. Pt will come with pain in socket or may be referred after 2-3 days of ext or in some cases about 7 days after ext. pain is severe. 2. There is foul smelling from the mouth. 3. Bone surrounding the socket is greenish in colour. 4. Pus is present in the socket. 5. If a curette is passed through the semi tough blood clot there will be musty semi fluid clot beneath the surfaces.

6. The mucous membrane surrounding the socket is red & tender. 7. Pain is deep seated, severe aching & throbbing in character. 8. There is no clot in socket, which contains instead saliva & food debris. 9. When debris is passed away whitish dead bone is seen. 10.Some times the socket becomes concealed by granulation tissue growing in the form of edge, which hinder the drainage of pus.

DRY SOCKET MORE IN LOWER JAW AS COMPARED TO UPPER JAW


Because; 1.Blood supply to lower jaw is less. 2.Extraction of lower jaw is usually traumatic. 3.Saliva can go easily go in to socket

Treatment:
1. Take an x-ray of that area to see any foreign body or retained root. 2. Give anesthesia & irrigate the socket with the antiseptic solution gently or normal saline. 3. Scoop out any necrotic tissue, but don't scrap. 4. Dry the socket gently & isolate it with sponge. 5. Iodoform gauze saturated with eugenol is inserted into the socket. Now cover the socket with a doughy mixture of zinc oxide eugenol. It will prevent the entrance of food & saliva & promote healing 1-10 days. 6. A moist sponge

Osteomyelitis
Bone
Cortex its inflammation is called osteitis. Medulla its inflammation is called osteomyelitis.

Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of bone involving primarily the soft parts i.e. medullary portion

Bacteriology: It is the result of an acute pyogenic inflammation of the bone marrow. The most common organism found in decreasing order are;
Haemolytic staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus Albus Streptococci pneumococci

Aetiology:
Direct extension from the source of infection (teeth, sinuses, nasal cavity, socket & soft tissues) into the healthy bone Hematogenous dessimination of an infection (chicken pox) into healthy bone

pathogenesis Infection - direct ext or hematogenic dessiminatin Bone(devitalized by, 1. Radionecrosis 2. Chemical necrosis 3. External trauma 4. Surgical trauma 5. Tuberculosis 6. Syphilis 7. Actinomycosis 8. Poor resistence of Pt

Osteomyelitis starts in acute form & if not treated by massive dozes of penicillin turn to be the chronic one Osteomyelitis (chronic or acute), according to the area of bone involved may be;
Localized confined to small area Diffused destruction spreads to large area Diffuse fulminating acute osteomyelitis of sudden & severe onset destroying large areas

Clinical features:
1. Raised temp 2. Swelling 3. General malaise 4. Toxic appearance 5. Leucocytosis (signs of acute infection) 6. Known site of infection in early stages 7. Parasthesia of lower lip 8. Swelling can be felt 9. Teeth tender to percussion 10.Teeth become loose- one after the other 11.Gingivae dark, red & edematous

Radiological features:

Sequestrum.
Involcurum

Treatment:
1. Broad spectrum antibiotics. If antibiotic is proper & stage is initial we can stop the whole process. Antibiotics are continued at least for 4 weeks heavy doses of penicillin 2. Complete bed rest & adequate fluid intake 3. Soft diet with multivitamins 4. High proteins, high calories IV fluids 5. Surgical drainage is established, as soon as pus is localized

But if second stage has started;

& sequestrum is formed we have to do sequestrectomy (but it should not be done in the initial stages & wait). When the sequestrum itself start coming through the sinus, but if it is formed & attached to the involcurum, dont remove it at this time. But when it is detached from its place then gently remove it SAUCERIZATION: The medullary portion of the bone has been dissolved due to osteomyelitis due to which a portion of the cortex has been left without support. Now this cortex cant survive, cut the cortex with Rongeurss forcep & make it smooth saucer shaped. This process is called saucerization.

DECORTICATION: If osteomyelitis has started & is in initial stages & also parasthesia is present another way of treatment is as follows;
Give incision in the & reflect the flap& then make holes in the cortex of the bone upto the medullary region & drain the exudate in the initial stage. Now bring the flap in place & bring the soft tissue in close contact with the medullary portion of the so it gets good blood supply from this soft tissue. Here cortex is intact

Вам также может понравиться