Work, Energy, Power and Efficiency

MISS AIDA 1

Work
What does WORK mean to you?

Are you doing WORK when

Lifting weights? Walking with a big bag of grocery in your hand? Completing your homework assignment? Writing an essay?

Physics concept of WORK

WORK is done only when a constant force applied on an object, causes the object to move in the same direction as the force applied.

Physics concept of WORK

What IS considered as work done in Physics:
You push a heavy shopping trolley for 10 m You lift your school bags upwards by 1 m

Physics concept of WORK

What is NOT considered as work done:
You push against a wall Jumping continuously on the same spot

Holding a chair and walking around the classroom

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Physics concept of WORK

WORK can be calculated by:

Work done = Constant x force (N) W =F x s

Units: [J] [N] [m]

Distance moved in the direction of force (m)

SI Unit for Work is JOULE (J)

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More Examples of WORK

You are helping to push your mothers heavy shopping cart with a force of 50 N for 200 m. What is amount of work done?

Work done,

W= F x s = 50 x 200 = 10,000 J or 10 kJ (kilo-Joules)

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Energy Quick Re-cap

Energy is the capacity to do work- work is done , energy is transferred from one object to another. SI Unit: Joule (J) Common ones:
Kinetic Potential Electric Chemical Solar Nuclear

Kinetic Energy (KE)

A form of energy that a body in motion possess. A body a rest, will it possess any KE?

Examples:
Bullet shot out from pistol Helicopter flying at 120km/h

Kinetic Energy (KE)

The amount of KE of a moving body depends on:
Mass of body (kg) Velocity (ms-1)

When either mass or velocity of moving body is increased, KE will also increase.
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Kinetic Energy (KE)

Formula:

Kinetic Energy =
KE = Units: [J]

1 2 1 2

x Mass x (Velocity)2
x m x v2 [kg] [ms-1]2

SI Unit: Joule [ J ] same as Work Done

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Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE = m v2
Velocity, V Mass = m kg

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Examples of KE
Find the KE of an empty van of mass 1000kg moving at 2m/s. KE of van at 2m/s = x 1000 x (2)2 = 2000 J = 2 kJ Find the KE of van when it is loaded with goods to give a total mass of 2000kg, and moving at 2m/s. KE of van at 2m/s = x 2000 x (2)2 = 4000 J = 4 kJ

Find KE of unloaded van when it speeds up to 4m/s. KE of van at 2m/s = x 1000 x (4)2 = 8000 J = 8 kJ
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Kinetic Energy (KE)

Formula: KE = mv2

From the formula, what can you infer about the change in KE when
Mass doubles KE doubles

Velocity doubles KE increases by FOUR times

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Examples of KE
A motorcycle accelerates at 2m/s2 from rest for 5s. Find the KE of motorcycle after 5s. Mass of motorcycle is 200 kg.
Velocity of motorcycle after 5s, a = (v-u) t v = 2(5) + 0 = 10m/s

KE of motorcycle at 10m/s = x 200 x (10)2 = 10,000 J = 10 kJ

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Potential Energy
Potential energy is the energy possessed by an object as a result of its POSITION or CONDITION. Common kinds:
Gravitational PE

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Gravitational PE
Energy that can be possessed by an object due to its POSITION.
In Physics, ground level is normally assumed to be at ZERO GPE. Any object that is at ground level has ZERO GPE. If object is lifted a certain height above ground, its GPE has increased.

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Gravitational PE
Examples:
When a chair lifted from ground a distance of 1m You sitting on the 3rd storey of this building

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Gravitational PE
Can be calculated with:

GPE = mass gravitational height above

acceleration = Units: [J] [kg] [m/s2] [m] m g h
g earth

ground level
Object on top of building, of mass, m Distance from ground, h

SI Units of GPE : Joule [J]

Ground, 0 GPE

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Examples of GPE
You lifted a set of books of mass 3kg, for 2m. What is the GPE gained by the books? Take g=10m/s2.
GPE = mgh = 3 10 2 = 60 J

Find the work done by you to lift the books.

Work done, W = F d = (m g) d = 3 x 10 x 2 = 60 J (F = weight of books)

(Note: same as GPE)

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Conservation & Conversion

of Energy

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Conservation of Energy
Energy of an object can be thought of as the sands in an hourglass!

Energy always remain same or fixed in quantity!

But this sand can change position, from the top to bottom and bottom to top! Likewise

energy can change in form eg. From KE PE 22

Conservation of Energy
Note that energy CANNOT be created nor destroyed!

So what does this mean when viewed in context of the Earth?

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Conservation of Energy
Conversion of energy is the term used to denote change in energy from one form to another. Eg.
Burning candle: Chemical Heat, Light Fuel: Chemical Heat KE Electricity Nuclear explosion: Nuclear Heat, light Spring: Elastic PE KE

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Conversion of Energy
For O-Levels, we are only concerned with:

KE GPE
And such situations are only found

when a moving object is at the same

time undergoing changes in height
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Conversion of Energy
Eg. of KE PE Roller-coaster Falling object

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Free Falling object model

An object in free fall means the object is falling freely, under the influence of gravity
When the object is at the highest position, the GPE is at maximum and KE is zero.
When the object is falling, the GPE decreases as it loses height, and the KE increases

At the lowest position, the KE is at maximum and GPE is zero.

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Eg. of Conservation of Energy

A fresh durian of mass 5 kg is found growing at the end of a tree branch 20 m above ground. When ripe, the durian will by itself drops to the ground below. Let gravity = 10m/s2.

Find the energy of the fresh durian? What form is it?

GPE. GPE = mgh = 5 x 10 x 20 = 1000J

Find the GPE and KE of the durian when it is 5m above ground. Sum up both the GPE and KE and compare the value with above. What can you infer from the results?
GPE = 5 x 10 x 5 = 250J. s = vt, v = gt s = gt2, t = sqrt 3 v = 10(sqrt 3)
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KE = mv2 = (5)(10sqrt3)2 = 750J Sum of energies = 250 + 750 = 1000J Same as above => energy is conserved.

Eg. of Conversion of Energy

A car of 800 kg is moving at an average speed of 5 m/s. The traffic light changed to red and so the driver stepped on the brakes to bring the car to a quick, sudden and screeching halt. Find energy of moving car and what form of energy is this? KE. KE = mv2 = x 800 x 52 = 10,000 J. What energy does the car possesses when it stops? None. What happened to the original energy of the moving car? 29 KE has changed to Sound and Heat Energy.

Power (P)
Power is defined as the rate at which work is done, or the amount of work done per second.

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Power (P)
POWER can be calculated by:

Power P

Work Done
Time Taken

=
=

W
t
[J] [s]

Units: [W]

SI Unit for Power is watt (W)

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Power (P)
Example: A 40kg boy climbs a vertical height of 3.5 m in 4 s a) Calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy of the boy. b) Determine the power generated by the boy [ take g= 9.8m/s2

a) Gravitational potential energy gain, Ep = mgh = 40 x 9.8 x 3.5 = 1372 J b) Power Generated, P = Ep / t =1372 / 4 =343 W

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Efficiency
The efficiency of a device is defined as the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy

Efficiency =

useful energy output Energy input

x 100%

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